tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-87850922627197694272024-03-05T08:05:50.593-08:00SmothPubsSmothPubshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13111109728985633135noreply@blogger.comBlogger198125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8785092262719769427.post-81674313710431718032019-09-21T04:51:00.001-07:002019-09-21T04:51:18.391-07:00Remembering 1919 on the Isle of Lewis<b>Related news story, <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-49741339">BBC Scotland, 21-9-19</a>: </b><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">How war was followed by land raids in Scotland</span></h3>
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When the war ended, many soldiers and sailors from the Highlands and Islands returned home believing they had been promised land as a reward for their service on the frontline.</div>
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They had expected to use the land to build homes, grow crops and raise livestock to feed their families.</div>
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But when they found this was not available to them as promised, they carried out raids to take control of areas of large estates.[...]</div>
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<b>Forthcoming <a href="http://www.icinternational.uhi.ac.uk/en/research-enterprise/cultural/centre-for-history/events/1919-land-settlement-scotland-act---conference.html#">Conference</a></b></h3>
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<b>University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI) Centre for History</b></h3>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #6f7287; font-family: "Neue Plak", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.5px;">Celebration of The 1919 Land Settlement (Scotland) Act</span><br />
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<span style="font-weight: 700; padding-top: 0px;">Isle of Lewis, 26 - 28 September 2019</span></div>
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"...Opening with a celebratory dinner the event will explore the significance and legacy of the 1919 Act through talks, posters, displays and field trips. The event will show that this was not an isolated response to war and changing times but was part of a global impetus aimed at the restoration of a sense of balance in social relations around land and land ownership.</div>
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Registration and field trips are made free by generous support from the Centre for Scotland’s Land Futures and the Historical Geography Research Group. The celebratory dinner will be charged at £25 - £30 per head."<span style="font-weight: 700; padding-top: 0px;"></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent;"><b><a href="https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/celebration-of-the-1919-land-settlement-scotland-act-tickets-68460728883?aff=ebdssbdestsearch&internal_ref=login">Registration, Introduction and Programme</a> </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #6f7287; font-family: "Neue Plak", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.5px;">Thursday 26 (Stornoway), </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #6f7287; font-family: "Neue Plak", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.5px;">Friday 27 and Saturday 28 September 2019 (Balallan)</span><br />
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<span style="font-weight: 700; padding-top: 0px;">Programme</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: 700; padding-top: 0px;">Thursday 26th September, Stornoway</span> <span style="font-weight: 700;">(location TBC</span>)</div>
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5:00pm – Registration opens</div>
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6:15 – Welcome to the conference and official opening</div>
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6:30 – <span style="font-weight: 700; padding-top: 0px;">Keynote - Professor James Hunter (UHI)</span></div>
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7:30 –<span style="font-weight: 700; padding-top: 0px;"> Conference dinner</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: 700; padding-top: 0px;">Friday 27th September, Kinloch Historical Society, Balallan</span></div>
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8:45am – Registration for those unable to attend on the previous day</div>
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9:15 – <span style="font-weight: 700; padding-top: 0px;">Panel 1: International Perspectives on land settlement </span>(Chair: Dr Iain Robertson (UHI))</div>
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Andrew Newby (Tampere University, Finland) - “A violent decimation of landlord power”: Denmark’s Lensafløsningsloven of 1919 – A Centenary Appraisal</div>
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Roy Jones and Tod Jones (Curtin University, Australia) - "Antipodean aftershocks: World War 1, the 1919 Land Act and land (un)fit for heroes at the (other) end of the world</div>
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Barbara Arneil (University of British Columbia, Canada) - The Small Holdings Colonies Acts (1916 and 1918)</div>
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10:30 – Coffee</div>
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11:00 – <span style="font-weight: 700; padding-top: 0px;">Panel 2: Contemporary Perspectives and Legacy </span>(Chair: Dr Micky Gibbard (Dundee University))</div>
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Helen Barton (UHI) - We express our Deepest Regret…</div>
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Seonaid McDonald (Archivist, Tasglann nan Eilean, Comhairle nan Eilean Siar) - What the local government archive sources tell us (or don’t?) about the land struggles</div>
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11:45 – <span style="font-weight: 700; padding-top: 0px;">Keynote - Professor Ewen Cameron (University of Edinburgh)</span>, (Introduction and chair: Dr Anne Tindley (Newcastle University))</div>
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12:45pm – Lunch</div>
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1:30 –<span style="font-weight: 700; padding-top: 0px;"> Trip to West Harris with the West Harris Trust</span></div>
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Three stops along the route between Balallan and Talla na Mara to look at community landownership, tour of Luskentyre until 4pm. Go to Talla na mara to visit café and look at exhibition, return to Balallan approximately 5:30pm.</div>
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<span style="font-weight: 700; padding-top: 0px;">Saturday 28th September, Kinloch Historical Society, Balallan</span></div>
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9:00am – Open</div>
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9:15 –<span style="font-weight: 700; padding-top: 0px;"> Panel 3: Local Histories of Land Settlement</span> (Chair: Professor James Hunter (UHI))</div>
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Malcolm Bangor-Jones (Independent Researcher) - The resettlement of Syre in Strathnaver by the CBD in the 1900s</div>
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Neil Bruce (UHI) - “Storm in a quaich”: the Uist Rocket Range, the crofters and the priest</div>
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Colin Tucker (Comann Eachdraidh Sgìre a’ Bhac) - There is only one home: that little house with its few acres of land in Eilean Leodhais</div>
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10:30 – Coffee</div>
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11:00 – <span style="font-weight: 700; padding-top: 0px;">Panel 4: Thinking around Land Reform</span> (Chair: Professor Ewen Cameron (University of Edinburgh))</div>
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Mairi Stewart (Independent Researcher) - The planting of forest workers on the land is a more anxious … business than the planting of new trees: the 1919 Forestry Act and land settlement in Scotland</div>
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Lindsay Blair (UHI) - ‘Mutations from below’: An Sùileachan (2013) and The Land Raiders of Reef</div>
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Iain Mackinnon (Coventry University) - The role of historicism in accounts of land reform in modern Scotland</div>
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Rob McMorran (SCRU) - Current pathways to community ownership in Scotland and their effectiveness is supporting continued expansion of the Sector in the 21st Century</div>
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12:30pm – Lunch19</div>
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1:30 –<span style="font-weight: 700; padding-top: 0px;"> Talk from John Randall (Comunn Eachdraidh na Pairc) on South Lochs</span></div>
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2:00 – <span style="font-weight: 700; padding-top: 0px;">Trip to the South Lochs</span> with John Randall (return around 5pm)</div>
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5:00 – Closing remarks</div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Glypha Web", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Register at </span><a href="http://bit.ly/Book1919LandAct" style="background-color: transparent; color: #722b82; font-family: "Glypha Web Bold", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://bit.ly/Book1919LandAct</a></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Glypha Web", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">
For more information contact <a href="mailto:enquiries@scotlandslandfutures.org" style="background-color: transparent; color: #722b82; font-family: "Glypha Web Bold", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; text-decoration-line: none;">enquiries@scotlandslandfutures.org</a></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjc5Kn0y9V-_ra43mwsVVINISLgp-Aa5RNI7095r9EpyQzPYauvzHKxN0zvb6fqiyHG_DY1SAmeCtJsOUwLHbb1vCoKtcjFxNjX6vc8EmsL73y_UJ7aH0zq6MsUuesLFjjkXZRCbZ7jOw-5/s1600/20190921_123357-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjc5Kn0y9V-_ra43mwsVVINISLgp-Aa5RNI7095r9EpyQzPYauvzHKxN0zvb6fqiyHG_DY1SAmeCtJsOUwLHbb1vCoKtcjFxNjX6vc8EmsL73y_UJ7aH0zq6MsUuesLFjjkXZRCbZ7jOw-5/s400/20190921_123357-1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Land Raiders' Cairn, Gress, Isle of Lewis</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Extract from 'As I See It' column by 'M.S.', <i>Stornoway Gazette</i>, 23-12-1955, addressing the somewhat different question of 'squatters and plot-holders' in the post-Second World War context:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
It was of course the first world war that started it on a big scale.The returned warriors, especially the younger sons who were landless, tired of "roaming with a hungry heart" and wanted nothing more than to settle down on their native heath; and that is what many of them did. They staked their claims in common ground and were not to be gainsaid by stay-at-homes; and although their actions were watched by jealous and resentful eyes in some instances, they felt that they had fought for their privileges and - what impressed those who would oppose them - they looked as if they were prepared to do a lot more fighting. Furthermore they had many ex-servicemen friends among the crofters too...<br /> And so on the common pastures of almost all the townships of these islands the squatters established themselves, many of them doing really excellent work with the unpromising materials on which they started. Taking over laud which had produced nothing since the peat was skinned from it but heather, moss and poor-quality grass, they dug it up, trenched it, worked it into productive agricultural units which are today, in some cases, producing far more than the neighbouring crofts.<br /> ... "The genius raids - the common people occupy and possess" [<i>T E Lawrence, Letter to Robert Graves,1935</i>]. And the common people who occupied and possessed the barren land and made it fertile, who built houses and grew good crops by their own labours, who made oases where there were deserts, will leave the abiding earth the richer for their passing through it.</blockquote>
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SmothPubshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13111109728985633135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8785092262719769427.post-75762285188459891062019-09-14T02:32:00.001-07:002019-09-14T09:47:15.667-07:00Fishcuring Fletts of Findochty<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Founder of a Family Business</b></div>
<br />
The Alexander Flett whose firm embarked on the <a href="https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2019/09/fletts-in-newfoundland-fisheries.html">Newfoundland Fisheries</a> venture in 1907 was not the first nor the only one of his family to make a noteworthy contribution to the herring industry of north-east Scotland. That their surname became 'a name to conjure with' in the fishcuring context may be attributed to the energy and entreprise of his father, James, whose death in 1897 drew a remarkable double tribute from the county's weekly newspaper.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAJPAjVkmjAzEJsl8vi_9cZfCxCykenCsN05M1s6jjWNfKDDO0EHA4_jQk9ilZQ6PaqCKbD4x-HXaFFEa_u4NVaWTFj13XioeVGBSJPqqdFTA2u9iMQ4YKEm7C-VMjWQ-Ai11DQmPjwQq8/s1600/20190903_172254-1+%25281%2529+%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAJPAjVkmjAzEJsl8vi_9cZfCxCykenCsN05M1s6jjWNfKDDO0EHA4_jQk9ilZQ6PaqCKbD4x-HXaFFEa_u4NVaWTFj13XioeVGBSJPqqdFTA2u9iMQ4YKEm7C-VMjWQ-Ai11DQmPjwQq8/s200/20190903_172254-1+%25281%2529+%25282%2529.jpg" width="196" /></a><br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
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"A portrait of the late Mr, James Flett, Findochty, whose death we announced last week"<br />
- <i>Banffshire Advertiser</i>, 28 January 1897<br />
<br />
<br />
DEATHS... At 42 Findochty, on the 14th inst., James Flett, Fishcurer, in his 80th year.<br />
- <i>Banffshire Advertiser</i>, 21 January 1897<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br />
THE LATE MR FLETT, </div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
FINDOCHTY</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
By the death of Mr James Flett, senior partner of the firm of J. Flett & Sons, one of the best known, familiar and striking figures has been removed from Findochty. Mr Flett was born at Findochty in 1817, and was thus in his 80th year. His father was Alexander Flett, his mother Margaret Smith, both of Findochty. He served an apprenticeship as cooper with the late Mr Taylor, fishcurer, Findochty. After completing his apprenticeship, he worked for some time as a journeyman with Messrs Walter Biggar & Co., who were the first curers to send Scotch cured herrings to the German markets. He commenced fishcuring on his own account at Peterhead in 1839, and at Findochty, his native village, in 1849. Mr Flett married Catherine Pirie, daughter of the late Alex. Pirie, who belonged to Banff, and who went to Findochty many years ago as manager for Messrs Walter Biggar & Co. His wife died on January 3rd, 1868. Mr Flett's family of three sons and five daughters all survive him. The sons are all in the business so long carried on by their father. Of the family to which Mr Flett himself belonged, the eldest brother, Alexander Flett, died in Findochty in 1892, aged 88. There still survives another brother, William, surnamed [nicknamed], from his uncommon strength, "Wallace". This nonagenarian celebrated his 90th birthday on 5th January of this year. The deceased gentleman was a man of splendid and striking physique. Standing as he did six feet three inches in height, no one could fail to notice him. He was of a kind and genial disposition, a great favourite with everybody in the village, particularly so with the young. Of children, he was very fond, and to run up to him in the street, seize his hand or his huge staff, was sufficient to dtaw forth a "sweetie," from his capacious pocket and a blessing fron his generous heart. He had a fund of quaint humour, and was known and respected throughout the whole of the North of Scotland. Few strangers went to Findochty without giving him a call. </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Although he never took an active part in public matters, he was a keen politician. Some years ago, a navigation class was started in Findochty, under the auspices of the County Council. What was the teacher's surpirse one night when the class was gathering to see the venerable form of Mr Flett walk into the room, pay his fee, and enroll his name among the rest. Anything that looked like the more scientific working on the sea and of its products was to him a source of personal interest. A Liberal in politics, Mr Flett was a Free Churchman, He was a life-long friend of the late Rev. Robert Shanks, the first Free Church minister in Buckie, and a correspondence was kept up between them till the demise of the latter. A few years ago, less than ten, another well known figure was seen paying a visit to Mr Flett in Findochty. This was "<a href="https://holeousia.com/being/poets/la-teste/">La Teste</a>", the Elgin poet, To hear these two comparing notes, or to hear Mr Flett calling attention to points of similarity in the life and fortunes of himself and "La" was no ordinary treat. In the death of Mr Flett, his own generation see another place left vacant never to be filled; while the younger race, deprived of his portly figure in the street, and the kind smile from his open face, will feel the place srange, and the town less homely. It may be mentioned that the last work on which the deceased was engaged was in arranging volumes of <span id="goog_227734313"></span><a href="https://www.sermonaudio.com/search.asp?speakeronly=true&currsection=sermonsspeaker&keyword=C._H._Spurgeon">Spurgeon's sermons</a><span id="goog_227734314"></span>, copies of which he had from the beginning of their publication. Mr Flett was a great reader and had a love of poetry, his favourite author being Scott. </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
The funeral took place on Monday and was largely attended, the coopers carrying the coffin when it left the house and also at the grave.</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: right;">
- <i>Banffshire Advertiser</i>, 21 January 1897</div>
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The impression of warmth, sincerity and personal feeling in the above is reinforced by the author (possibly the same) of the paper's regular column of informal chat, local news and common-person views, written mostly in the Doric.<br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
FIRESIDE TALK O' AUL' FREENS</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>Willie </i>-- I was unco' sorry to learn that ane acquaintance o' mine, in the person o' Mister Flett, fishcurer, Findochty, had passed awa' fae this weary warl' last week, Nae doot he's been spared to his family an' freens for a gie puckle longer than is the lot o' mony, bit for a' that fin death comes an' tak's awa' even the aul'est o' oor freens an' neepers, peer, frail, human natur' canna keep back the fa'in' tear or hide the pang o' sorrow an' regret at the pairtin'.<br />
<i>Geordie </i>-- The curer 'll be unca mair missed in Finachty. He wis aye ready to help the needy, to cheer the dooncast, an' to encourage the young. Nae doot to some he may at times hae appeared to be caul' an' stern, bit fatever may hae been the appearance ootside there wis aye the warm, kin'ly heart within.<br />
<i>Jamie </i>-- I speak from personal experience of the sympathetic heart which beat in the bosom of Mr Flett. Of course it would be sheer mockery on my part to say that he was perfect (the perfect man must be translated to some other sphere as it has never been my lot to meet him yet-------<br />
<i>Maggie </i>-- I cud tell ye faur ye wid see him, bit I winna dee't evnoo.<br />
<i>Jamie </i>-- There were many traits in the deceased's character which it would be well worth our while to seek to emulate, These points I need not dwell on now as they will readily come up before those who had the pleasure of his acquaintance. Of him I think it may truthfully be said</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
To all he was pleasing -- to auld and to young --<br />
To the rich and the poor, to the weak and the strong;<br />
He laughed with the gay -- moralised with the grave<br />
The wise man he honoured -- the fool he forgave. </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>Geordie </i>-- That wis the curer's character to a T. He wisna ony o' yer harem-skarem patienceless creatur's that the warl's sae foo o' noo-a-days.</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: right;">
- <i>Banffshire Advertiser</i>, 21 January 1897 </div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCVkpFP2I5RHPqC4LMrfFiqemHeVuFllXLTYFOR1uyCh2kRQ-5Ma5mpeBYYNe4hyomm-QixPv5XoR-_9UUhkYYJ614gzYVp_XENA2MPcGJUnshxTmZAvWgZBbu0z3mBI9miI-EStwoMWfN/s1600/20190911_142658-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCVkpFP2I5RHPqC4LMrfFiqemHeVuFllXLTYFOR1uyCh2kRQ-5Ma5mpeBYYNe4hyomm-QixPv5XoR-_9UUhkYYJ614gzYVp_XENA2MPcGJUnshxTmZAvWgZBbu0z3mBI9miI-EStwoMWfN/s400/20190911_142658-1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Quayside, Findochty harbour</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUc3_3QLScK1dapTieydgVn27KMU1Ev201DaFZtQhlKbQLLz-_bqJVqphjkHSwzlGbhYcP9merkYUT5aMGNOTaoaJK2hoV6-bFiLhrhHybdyj_57Pd-AGKfvmZk8TlEntuSivRhhocpm4R/s1600/20190911_143020-1-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUc3_3QLScK1dapTieydgVn27KMU1Ev201DaFZtQhlKbQLLz-_bqJVqphjkHSwzlGbhYcP9merkYUT5aMGNOTaoaJK2hoV6-bFiLhrhHybdyj_57Pd-AGKfvmZk8TlEntuSivRhhocpm4R/s400/20190911_143020-1-1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Findochty harbour from the West</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><i>Biographical details given by the paper are confirmed and amplified by census and other records:</i></span><br />
<br />
<b>1841</b><br />
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">James can be found </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">at James Street, Peterhead, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">although his birthplace is given as Aberdeenshire not Banffshire. There are a lot of other people in the same 'household', possibly some kind of lodgings or digs for migrant or </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">temporary </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">workers as there is a range of surnames, ages and occupations. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">His mother </span><span style="color: #943634; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Margaret</b></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b> </b>and father </span><span style="color: #943634; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Alexander</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, White Fisher, were in Findochty, Rathven, both ages rounded down to 60, with Female Servant Janet Copland, 20; all born Banffshire.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">His future wife <span style="color: #660000;"><b>Katharine </b></span>(Catherine) Pirie was 12, living in Findochty, Rathven, with her sisters Ann, 15, Spirit Dealer; Margaret, 9; and Isabella, 6, born in England (others in Banffshire). Intriguing as Ann's apparent role is, most likely it was very temporary, their parents being away from home on census night. Alexander Pirie's occupation is given elsewhere as both cooper and 'vintner'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #943634; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Alexander Flett b. 9-4-1776 </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Parents: <b><span style="color: #444444;">George Flett</span></b></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><b> and Isobel née Mackenzie</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #943634; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">Margaret Smith</span><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 400; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"> b. Rathven, </span><span style="background-color: silver; color: #535353; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 400; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">20/01/1777</span><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 400; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"> Parents: </span><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">William and Anne [née] Smith</span><span style="color: #943634; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">m.16-10-1773</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #943634; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Margaret Smith</span><span style="color: #943634; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="color: #943634; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> m. Alexander Flett</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline;">, Rathven, </span><span style="background-color: silver; color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline;">18-2-1798</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #cccccc; color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Anne FLETT</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> b. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">05/01/1800</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">, RATHVEN. Parents: </span><span style="color: #943634; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">ALEXANDER FLETT/MARGARET née SMITH</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small; white-space: normal;"><b>1851 </b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: small; white-space: normal;">James, aged 33, Fish Curer, Unmarried, was living in </span></span>Victoria Square, Rathven, with his now widowed mother Margaret Flett (née Smith), Stocking Weaver, Head of Household, and her two grandsons, Alexander Smith, 22, Cooper, and George Smith, 13, Apprentice Shoemaker. All born in Rathven (the parish/registration district for Findochty). </span><br />
<b style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Catherine </b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pirie was 22, Unmarried, living in Road Leading West with her father Alexr. Pirie, Cooper & Vintner. born Turriff, Aberdeenshire (1795); mother Isabella, 50, born in Rathven; unmarried sisters Margaret, 19, and Isabella,15; also two grandsons of the household head - John Pirie Legg, aged 2, and </span><b style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Walter James</b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><b style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Flett</b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">, 2 months. The latter was the acknowledged son of James and Catherine, the former possibly Margaret's son. Reputedly it was not unusual, and not socially unacceptable in the fishing villages of north-east Scotland, for a couple's eldest child to be born before their formal marriage.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Old Parish Records for Rathven<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">1821</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">-22, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">10</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">th</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> Dec</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">: </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: #cccccc;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Alexr. Pirie </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">and </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Isabel Campbell </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">both [residing] in this parish were matrimonially contracted </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">and after publication of banns were married.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>1861</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">James, now 43, Fish Curer, and Catherine, Fish-curer's Wife, 31, were living in a Private House, Rathven, with James's mother, Margaret Flett, Fisherman's widow, 84, and their children: Walter Jas (James), 10; Alexander, 7; Margaret, 5; William D (Downie), 3; and Catherin(e), 10 months; also Isabella Taylor, Domestic Servant, 23.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>1865 </b></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Scottish Valuation Rolls </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Owner Occupier FLETT JAMES DWELLING HOUSE AND FISHCURING PREMISES 20 AND 21 VILLAGE OF FINDOCHTY BANFF COUNTY (VR91/18/ 374)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>1868 </b></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sadly, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Catherine died of peritonits</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">, while still only in her 30s</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In <b>1871 </b></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">James, now a widower, 53, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cooper & Fish Curer, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> was living at 20, Rathven with </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">his </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">children (except the eldes</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">t, Walter James): </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Alexander, 17, Cooper; Margaret, 15, House Keeper; </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">William, 12; Catherine, 10; Isabella, 8; Ann, 6; Mary, 3</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">In <b>1881 </b>the census transcription gives James's address as house name 'Wesleyan Chapel', house number 41 (Rathven parish), where he wa living with his two youngest daughters: Isabella, Governess, and Mary, Scholar.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">By <b>1891 </b>Mary had moved on but Isabella, 28, was still unmarried and a Governess, living with James, now designated a Fish Oil Manufacturer (a new entreprise?), at Main Street (Rathven parish).</span><br />
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<b>Notes</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: small; font-style: normal; white-space: normal;"><span style="color: #565350; font-family: "helvetica neue" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">In 1882-4, Frances Groome's </span><span style="color: #565350; font-family: "helvetica neue" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland</span><span style="color: #565350; font-family: "helvetica neue" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> described <a href="http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/place/17402">Findochty</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: small; font-style: normal; white-space: normal;"><span style="color: #565350; font-family: "helvetica neue" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: small; font-style: normal; white-space: normal;"><span style="color: #565350; font-family: "helvetica neue" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #565350; font-family: "helvetica neue" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; vertical-align: baseline;">In 1887, John Bartholomew's </span><span style="color: #565350; font-family: "helvetica neue" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline;">Gazetteer of the British Isles</span><span style="color: #565350; font-family: "helvetica neue" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> described <a href="http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/place/16384">Rathven</a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: small; font-style: normal; white-space: normal;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: small; font-style: normal; white-space: normal;">In 1934 a review of the novel <a href="https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2014/05/diamonds-among-silver-darlings.html">Bid for Fortune</a> by James's grandson Joseph appeared in the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: small; white-space: normal;"><i>Stornoway Gazette</i></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: small; font-style: normal; white-space: normal;"> and decades later the reviewer remembered the book:</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: small; font-style: normal; white-space: normal;">The ruse with the diamonds was a natural for Joe Flett. He belonged to one of the leading families in the herring trade.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: small; font-style: normal; white-space: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: small; font-style: normal; white-space: normal;">Flett was a name to conjure with when I was young...</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: small; font-style: normal; white-space: normal;"> - </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: small; white-space: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><i>The Hub of My Universe</i></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><i> </i>by James Shaw Grant.<b style="font-style: normal;"> </b>Edinburgh, James Thin, 1982. </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: small; font-style: normal; white-space: normal;">Ch. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: small; font-style: normal; white-space: normal;">41, '<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">They Hid the Diamonds in a Barrel'.</span></span></blockquote>
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SmothPubshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13111109728985633135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8785092262719769427.post-80651086086069607832019-09-02T07:24:00.000-07:002019-09-02T07:25:55.895-07:00Fletts in Newfoundland Fisheries Venture 1907-1908This blog has previously looked in some detail at the novel <i><a href="https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2014/05/diamonds-among-silver-darlings.html">Bid for Fortune</a></i>, by "J.S.[Joseph] Flett" (Moray Press, 1934), and in particular among other aspects at the ways in which its author drew on his experience of living in <a href="https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2016/05/a-findochty-flett-in-canada.html">Canada</a>, or more accurately <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>, at that time a distinct 'colony' or dominion of Britain with its own government. But 1915 was not the first occasion on which he had made the transatlantic crossing in the interests of the family fishcuring business. Eight years previously, aged 19, he had been delegated to take responsibility for a pioneering attempt to transform the Newfoundland herring fishing industry, a venture which not only drew the attention of newspapers but involved government sanction and international repercussions.<br />
<br />
<i>Banffshire Advertiser</i>, 9-5-1907, p.8<br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">New Departures in Fishcuring</span></b></div>
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<b>----------------</b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Local Workers off to Newfoundland </b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>---------------</b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Interesting Experiment</b></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Much local interest is evinced in a fishing experiment undertaken by Mr Alexander Flett, fishcurer, Buckie, Findochty, and Aberdeen, who has entered into a three years' agreement with the Government of Newfoundland* to carry on drift net fishing for herring and curing after the Scottish method in Newfoundland. This experiment differs from that of Mr Cowie of Lossiemouth, who is in the service of the Canadian Government, while Mr Flett's venture is in charge of Mr Joseph Flett, his son, who sailed in company with Mr G. Flett "Crawford" [<i>nickname/tee-name</i>], Findochty, on 9th April. Mr Flett has already shipped Buckie-made curing stock, and to-day the staff will leave here for Liverpool, whence they sail for Newfoundland on Saturday. [<i>Details of those engaged:</i> 3 fishermen, all Fletts from Findochty; 4 coopers, 3 from Buckie and one from Findochty; 6 (female) fishworkers, 3 surnamed Reid from Buckie, and 3 Mair from Portknockie, 'also three girls from Nairn'.] One of the stations to be opened up will be at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twillingate_Islands">Twillingate Island</a>, Notre Dame Bay,. The output of cured herring for export from Newfoundland at present ranges from 100,000 to 200,000 barrels per annum, and everyone will join in wishing that success may crown the venture, so that new markets may be opened up and the present ones extended.</blockquote>
* <span style="font-size: x-small;">"<span style="background-color: white; color: #6a6a6a; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">Newfoundland</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #545454; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"> was a British dominion from </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #6a6a6a; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">1907</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #545454; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"> to 1934 when it surrendered dominion status by ending self-government..."</span></span><br />
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A slightly shorter story appeared in the <i>Aberdeen Daily Journal (Press & Journal)</i> 9-5-1907<br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>The Newfoundland Herring Fisheries</b></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
The herring exports of Newfoundland at present total from 100,000 to 200,000 barrels annually, and with a view to increasin<span style="font-family: inherit;">g the output, the Newfoundland Government has - as briefly reported yesterday - concluded a three years' agreement with Mr Alexander Flett, fishcurer, Buckie, Findochty, and Aberdeen, to introduce into </span>Newfoundland waters the Scottish method of catching herrings by drift net, and curing them as is done in this country. Mr Flett has already shipped salt and barrels and to-day a party leaves the Moray Firth shores for the Atlantic voyage. The venture is in charge of Mr Flett's son, Joseph...</blockquote>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi53MkOZcRmoeg1wEDL5Dz6QZ_f1Gyaz4NVAy0nGKsRvGgSOiyMgcRVU0UvDsnMEUFb7mo8isJNWEViVF3CMg5c_NdK4Bc6wSGDJRn8yOShcWUycUb_x4WX3nkxpEIkCx9qF-INhG4jk5Gi/s1600/20190829_095712-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi53MkOZcRmoeg1wEDL5Dz6QZ_f1Gyaz4NVAy0nGKsRvGgSOiyMgcRVU0UvDsnMEUFb7mo8isJNWEViVF3CMg5c_NdK4Bc6wSGDJRn8yOShcWUycUb_x4WX3nkxpEIkCx9qF-INhG4jk5Gi/s400/20190829_095712-1.jpg" width="365" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Newfoundland in 1907</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Four months later the 'P&J' returned to the topic, evidently quite a hot one in the context of a long-running <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25105716?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents">dispute</a> over access to fishing grounds involving diplomatic wrangling with the USA, In a column on 'The Newfoundland Fisheries' (under 'Sir Robert bond's Speech: American Opinion') the paper noted:<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #535353; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; white-space: nowrap;"><i>Aberdeen Daily Journal (Press & Journal) </i><b>12 September 1907</b></span><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; white-space: nowrap;"><b> </b></span><br />
<span style="color: #535353; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; white-space: nowrap;"><b><br /></b></span>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Important Development</b></div>
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----------------</div>
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<b>Agreement with Buckie Fish Curers</b></div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #535353; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> The "Standard" says an arrangement has been entered into between the Newfoundland Government and Messrs </span><em style="color: #8ec044; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 700;">Alexander Flett</em><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> and Son, </span><em style="color: #8ec044; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 700;">fishcurers</em><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, Buckie, Banffshire, to carry on herring fishing operations off Newfoundland upon the Scottish system. Whether the project will have any effect on the differences with the United States remains to be seen, but the experiment is to be tried in earnest. It is not a private speculation on the part of Messrs Flett. A formal agreement has been entered into between the </span><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Newfoundland</span><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> Government and </span><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Messrs Flett and Son for three years to develop the herring fishing in the manner in which it is carried on upon the east coast of Scotland. A few months ago a number of fishermen, coopers and girls went out from </span><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">the east coast of Scotland to train the </span><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Newfoundlanders in conducting the industry. It is understood that </span><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">the Newfoundland Government have granted a substantial subsidy in order to give the venture a fair trial. There will be no curing at sea. The fish will be landed at convenient places, and cured in barrels both for home consumption and export. The advantage of the Scottish system is that </span><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Newfoundland will reap the full benefit from the fishing, and it is understood that there is an abundance of herring off the </span><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Newfoundland</span><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> coast. The value of the herring fishing on</span><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">the east coast of Scotland this year is estimated at £1,300,000 sterling,</span><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> and it can be understood that to a fishing country like </span><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Newfoundland</span><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">the adoption of fishing methods that bring in such a splendid harvest would be a matter of the highest importance.</span><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> Naturally the </span><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Messrs Flett are very reticent on the matter, but they are very hopeful of success, and a member of the firm has gone out to superintend the operation.</span></blockquote>
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<span style="color: #535353; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><b>-------------------------------------</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #535353; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div>
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Unfortunately the hopes of success were looking rather forlorn within less than a year.</div>
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26 March 1908 - <i>Banffshire Advertiser</i><br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Newfoundland Herring Fishing Experiment Reported a Failure</b></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: left;">
Some time ago, Messrs Alexander Flett & Company, fishcurers, Buckie, sent out a representative and workpeople to Newfoundland by arrangement with the Government. St. John's " Evening Chronicle " contained the following reference hereto:- </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: left;">
We understand that Mr Flett, the Scottish herring packer, who is described by the "Herald" as having the profoundest faith in the future of the herring industry in the island, but is alleged by Captain Eli Dawe to have lost 26,000 dollars in the venture here, is reported in Government circles to be desirous of leaving the Colony and abandoning the venture entirely, if he can induce the Government to recoup him for the outlay he has made in the drift-net fishing so far. This would include the Schooners, outfits and gear he provided, and it is held on behalf of Mr Flett that it would be cheaper for the Government to do this than to continue the project for another two years and pay out 5000 dollars each year as a subsidy to him, which will have to be done in the event of no arrangement being now arrived at. Probably outside of a comic opera there is nothing to equal the Government's bungling with this drift-net project... [<i>Details of false starts and failed arrangements since 1905</i>] ... Now, after a season's trial in Green Bay, it is found that he caught just twelve barrels of herring in the outer waters, and for this the Colony has to pay him 5000 dollars.</blockquote>
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=================</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Neither family tradition nor public records so far discovered give the full story of how and when the 'venture' ended; it may have been affected by a 'modus vivendi' accommodating US demands with regard to the Newfoundland Fisheries (reported in the <i>Press & Journal</i> 14-8-1908). Whatever its losses, however, the firm survived and was evidently sufficiently well regarded and prosperous for a renewed attempt to establish itself in the 'Colony' to appear a reasonable proposition in 1915. This time Joe as its representative stayed for nearly six years, and it was the death of his father Alexander which brought him and his young family back to north-east Scotland in 1921.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMY71Irb6Q1aEzP9XgI4GauTQ6YV33CGTQrgu6qWiqQ2iavtXQaEOdZ9YvsiOC1gIsFPl27xWRRq6j-RHWvkSY32Botz0AI9vNP2bEP3AVXfTe1mQ-wZJmlQQWA8fHnsGWmZ6NIXK1Cr-u/s1600/20190827_103248-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMY71Irb6Q1aEzP9XgI4GauTQ6YV33CGTQrgu6qWiqQ2iavtXQaEOdZ9YvsiOC1gIsFPl27xWRRq6j-RHWvkSY32Botz0AI9vNP2bEP3AVXfTe1mQ-wZJmlQQWA8fHnsGWmZ6NIXK1Cr-u/s640/20190827_103248-1.jpg" width="456" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Record of Joe's voyage out in 1907 (last name in the second column)</td></tr>
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<span class="kX21rb" style="background-color: white; display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.33; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="color: #777777; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>SmothPubshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13111109728985633135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8785092262719769427.post-55612631246743363942019-08-12T06:28:00.001-07:002019-08-14T01:59:40.749-07:00Agatha and the Asylum: a fragment<b>Footnote on <a href="https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2016/09/mad-to-oppose-war-four-cos-in-hanwell.html">Hanwell Asylum</a> and <a href="https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2015/10/an-ealings-conscientious-objectors-work.html">asylum attendants</a></b><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><b>Acknowledgement</b>: </i><i>This connection was drawn out by Dr Jonathan Oates in a Local History talk in Ealing Central Library a few years ago, about Agatha Christie and Ealing, where she spent quite a lot of time during her early years, in the home of a great-aunt. </i></blockquote>
Agatha Christie's <i>The Big Four</i> (1927) is, to put it mildly, not one of her best books. Not so much a crime novel as a portmanteau of preposterous plots tenuously linked in the rather leisurely attempts of Poirot and Hastings to combat a more than usually unbelievable world-domination mini-conspiracy. (Mind you, some aspects are less implausible than others, such as the arch-villains' motivation, "lust for power and personal supremacy" and the backing of "unlimited money".)<br />
<br />
Published in the aftermath of its author's disappearance trauma and sensation, it may have been written partly as therapy, to get back on track, or under pressure from publishers to produce something before the publicity subsided, or to use up every idea she'd ever had (or borrowed) and see what she could get away with (while incidentally releasing some of her more cynical and exasperated feelings about her most famous character) - or perhaps a combination of such things might explain it.<br />
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In Chapter 2, 'The Man from the Asylum', it looks as though part of the plot may be the one about the good guy falsely certified insane. (This - spoiler alert - turns out not to be the case; the inference that it could happen in the real institution named might have led to some bother):<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
'A big burly man in uniform' turns up claiming to be "From 'Anwell - from the 'Sylum" (thus establishing his lower-class, uneducated and 'uncouth' persona) and to be seeking an escaped inmate who has been confined for two years: "'Armless enough", not homicidal, but suffering from "persecution mania". Of course "They all say they're sane", the keeper observes "callously".</blockquote>
It later transpires that the presentation of this character conforms exactly to Captain Hastings' mental picture of "what an asylum attendant should look like"; since his own personality is established as ultra-conventional and accepting of prevalent stereotypes, this may not be the view of his creator, but she says nothing to counteract it. The experience of no doubt having had anxieties about and aspersions recently cast on her own mental state could well have fostered lurking fears of incarceration. (From memory, <i>Why Didn't</i><i> They Ask Evans?</i> - 1934 - also contains a plot-strand about confinement on supposedly spurious mental-health grounds, in a private nursing home, but that's another and rather better story.)<br />
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"Hanwell Asylum" - in the 1920s it was the London County Mental Hospital - in spite of its association with reforms in the treatment of mental patients, may have been an object of some awe, pity and terror for local residents, as such places tend to be. Anecdotally, its later incarnation "St. Bernard's" was something of a hissing and a byword among 1980s Hanwell schoolchildren, to the extent that the sight of a "St. Bernard" label on clothing from Northern Ireland was an occasion for taunts and embarrassment.<br />
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<br />SmothPubshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13111109728985633135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8785092262719769427.post-30338749595297564442019-06-10T14:03:00.000-07:002019-06-11T09:05:11.913-07:00Tales of Gender and Medical Life<b>A few Notes and comments on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle">Conan Doyle</a>'s <i>Tales of Adventure and Medical Life</i>.</b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP7XjOosdRVrz-8rtqyCVu8wAQnKrCyil6pXbt-vvK3vErJHGBpwM0C2r5WU9N2qe-mdZzLJEqGL0hZZ1YRblQ7LNSpj07aD-wfdBUBXW6Hed-t_r_8j8xIPYlo80fdfC0ygjEE_w0vlNW/s1600/20190603_081315-1-1.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP7XjOosdRVrz-8rtqyCVu8wAQnKrCyil6pXbt-vvK3vErJHGBpwM0C2r5WU9N2qe-mdZzLJEqGL0hZZ1YRblQ7LNSpj07aD-wfdBUBXW6Hed-t_r_8j8xIPYlo80fdfC0ygjEE_w0vlNW/s320/20190603_081315-1-1.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVi419Vc0WoGF2oFo_LQZbAFWgre4zYokcviC1mXWPOJ16nKJOqcMplPQSf9Yyx8QTxJF51LXZ7JCx9YRYzp56-6kHgt_QpJbIUC791Ft4e-B2hC1W_QeFCZwOaxb20dqvpWUa240091Ts/s1600/20190603_081305-1.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVi419Vc0WoGF2oFo_LQZbAFWgre4zYokcviC1mXWPOJ16nKJOqcMplPQSf9Yyx8QTxJF51LXZ7JCx9YRYzp56-6kHgt_QpJbIUC791Ft4e-B2hC1W_QeFCZwOaxb20dqvpWUa240091Ts/s320/20190603_081305-1.jpg" width="235" /></a><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">T</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">he collection was first published in 1922, this paperback edition in 1963.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">D</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">ates for the individual stories are not given, but I</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">nternal evidence </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">suggests a </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">setting in the 1880s, that is around the time when the author was trying unsuccessfully to establish himself as a general practitoner. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">The 'Medical Life' section provides a wealth of authentic detail relevant to several aspects of the history of medicine.</span><br />
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The second story of the 'Adventure' set also has a medical theme, as may be guessed from the title, 'The Surgeon of Gaster Fell'. The inclusion of a young female character, not essential to the plot, rounds out the narrative and incidentally provides a kind of baseline for considerations of gender in the 'Medical' set. Noting that this duaghter and sister of medical men does a lot of reading, the narrator encourages her: "Women have opportunites now such as their mothers never knew. Have you ever thought of going further - or seeking a course of college [sic] or even a learned profession?" When she denies having any ambition and expresses anxiety about her future, he reassures her that she seems "... destined to fulfil the lot of women - to make some good man happy..." The year is 1885.<br />
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Women are present in strength in the medical stories, admittedly viewed primarily in relation to medical men, as patients, relatives, or occasionally fellow health professionals. Although they are often the subject of patronising generalisations, even misogynistic insult from the less sympathetic male characters, the latter are likely to be shown the error of their ways or are let in for some sort of comeuppance, The author displays nuances and subtlety of understanding; while still clinging to assumptions about supposedly universal 'male' and 'female' attributes, gender-based expectations may be confounded and stereotypes undermined.<br />
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No.1, 'A Physiologist's Wife', illustrates the unthinking dependence of medical high-flyers on the help and support of well-disposed women - wives or unmarried sisters - whose grateful acquiescence is blandly assumed (some at least of the speaker's taking-for-granted turns out to be misplaced):<br />
"... I cannot imagine any higher mission for a woman of culture than to go through life in the company of a man who is capable of such a research..." (p.107)<br />
"You... have a worthy mission before you in aiding the life-work of a man who has shown himself capable of the highest order of scientific research..." (p.121)<br />
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No.5, 'The Curse of Eve', tackles the reality of a difficult chidlbirth in a modest home, not so much as experienced by the mother, but partly from the points of view of doctor and consultant, and first and foremost through the increasingly desperate anxiety of the expectant father (so often the subject of feeble jokes and clichés) about what was happening to his wife:<br />
"Where was the justice of it?.. Why was Nature so cruel?.."<br />
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Childbirth as agonising, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1633559">dangerous </a>and unfair is a recurring theme, There is a link here with Dr <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bell">Joseph Bell</a> of Edinburgh, famously associated with the character of Sherlock Holmes, who is credited with having been among the first senior doctors to insist on hand-washing before examination of pregnant and puerperal women, thus saving many from potentially fatal infection. (He may also, of course, have inspired the creation of aome of the medical characters in these stories.)<br />
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The husband mentioned above does not get off scot free, but his night of emotional torment is outdone by the ordeal by which another father, in No.6, 'A Medical Document', chooses or is made to 'share' his wife's experience. This story is in fact a portmanteau in which doctors from various specialisms, and a generalist, frankly exchange views, discuss cases and swop anecdotes after one of the quarterly dinners of the Midland Branch of the British Medical Association. A contribution on chidlbirth stands out, and could almost stand alone as a striking short-short:<br />
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The post-prandial medics go on to agree that obstetrics and gynaecology (not so called) is 'a very wearing branch of the profession' and discuss what is apparently the main reason for this:<b></b><br />
"I was a very shy fellow myself as a student, and I know what it means...<br />
"Take some poor, raw young fellow who has just put up his plate in a strange town. He has found it a trial all his life, perhaps, to talk to a woman about lawn tennis and church services. When a young ma in shy he is shyer than any girl. Then down comes an anxious mother and consults him upon the most intimate family matters. "'I shall never go to that doctor again,' says she afterwards. 'His manner is so stiff and unsympathetic.' Unsympathetic! Why, the poor lad was struck dumb and paralysed..."<br />
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A logical conclusion from such a state of affairs might be the recruitment of more women to the profession, and some similar atttiude may lie behind Conan Doyle's more than comparative openness to the idea of women as doctors. Perhaps a part was played too by his sense of justice, or vicarious guilt over the vicious behaviour of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeons%27_Hall_riot">Edinburgh medical students</a> in this connection, not very long before his time there - not to mention a fine sense of the irony and absurdity of male attitudes.<br />
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Story No.8, 'The Doctors of Hoyland', opens with a description of a 30-plus male doctor whose position in the locality, "a clear run of six miles in every direction", seems secure: "He was particularly happy in his management of ladies. He had caught the tone of bland sternness and decisive suavity which dominates without offending."<br />
Then a well-qualified rival sets up, and shock-horror, Doctor Verrinder Smith turns out to be a woman - "'What?' he gasped. 'The Lee Hopkins prizeman! You!'<br />
"He had never seen a woman doctor before, and his whole conservative soul rose up in revolt at the idea. He could not recall any Biblical injunction that the man should remain ever the doctor and the woman the nurse, and yet he felt as if a blasphemy had been committed..."<br />
Later: "Not that he feared competition,<i> </i>but he objected to this lowering of his ideal of womanhood... It revolted him the more to recall the details of her education. A man, of course, could come through such an ordeal with all his purity, but it was nothing short of shameless in a woman."<br />
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Dr, Smith comes off best in the immediate argument:<br />
He: "Ladies are in danger of losing their privileges when they usurp the place of the other sex. They cannot have both."<br />
She: 'Why should a woman not earn her bread by her brains?" [...]<br />
He: "'... I must say that I do not think medicine a suitable profession for women and that I have a personal objection to masculine ladies." [...]<br />
She: "... Of course, if it makes women masculine that would be a considerable deterioration."<br />
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She also comes off better professionally. "In a month, Doctor Verrinder Smith was known, and in two she was famous." She takes on cases and performs operations that would have defeated him: "For all his knowledge he lacked nerve as an operator, and usually sent his worst cases up to London. The lady, however, had no weakness of this sort, and took everything that came in her way."<br />
When he has become her patient after an accident he finds himself defending her to his assistant-surgeon brother, visiting from London: "She knows her work as well as you or I"; "... [W]e may have been a little narrow in our views". Eventually he confesses himself to have been "quite in the wrong" over this woman question.<br />
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"And yet under all her learning and firmness ran a sweet, womanly nature..." The reader may by now, if not from the start, be inclined to suspect a traditional battle-of-the-sexes plot to be resolved in romance, and a proposal does indeed ensue, but (spoiler) without the conventional 'happy ending'. Happy enough for Dr Smith, who has only intended her stay in the area to be temporary, and had already decided to devote her life entirely to science: "There are many women with a capacity for marriage, but few with a taste for biology. I will remain true to my own line, then."<br />
"And so it came about that in a very few weeks there was only one [<span style="text-align: center;">now</span><span style="text-align: center;"> </span>sadder and wiser] doctor in Hoyland...'<br />
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<b><i>References</i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Further discussion of the medical stories can be found in some of the biographies of Conan Doyle, e.g.:</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Rodin, Alvin E. & Key, Jack D. </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>The </i><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i>Medical Casebook of Doctor Arthur Conan Doyle: From Practitioner to Sherlock Holmes and Beyond.</i>.</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white;">(</span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Robert E. Krieger </span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1984) </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Booth, Martin. </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i>The </i></span><span style="color: #222222;"><i>Doctor, the Detective and Arthur Conan Doyle: A Biography</i>. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">(</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Coronet Books)</span></span></div>
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SmothPubshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13111109728985633135noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8785092262719769427.post-28028702675740644572019-06-09T02:49:00.000-07:002019-06-11T08:41:43.236-07:00Two Female Physicians of the early 20th Century<i>(This post was sparked off by a recent similarly-themed one from '<a href="https://lenathehyena.wordpress.com/2019/05/28/you-cant-be-a-doctor-you-are-a-women-scotlands-first-women-physicians/">lenathehyena</a>')</i><br />
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<b>A Flett from Findochty and a MacCallum of Muckairn Manse</b></div>
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By the 1920s the occurrence of women's names in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Medical_Council">Medical Register</a> (and <a href="https://www.ancestry.co.uk/search/collections/ukmedicaldirectories/">Medical Directory</a>) had become less of a rarity than it had been, although they were still very much in the minority and would remain so for many decades. As it happens, two such names in particular leapt to the eye in the course of previous research for this blog, those of Nelly Flett (no relation, as far as is known, to other Fletts looked at here) and Margaret MacCallum, sister of <a href="https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2017/04/scotlands-objectors-and-resisters.html">Dr John Cameron MacCallum</a>.<br />
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<b>Nelly Flett</b> is not the only woman with that surname listed in the 1927 Medical Register (MR) - the others were Jessie from Uddington and Isabelle from Bathgate - but her address, 5 Seafield Street in the Flett stronghold, Findochty - links her geographically at least with the family background of <a href="https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2014/05/diamonds-among-silver-darlings.html">Joe Flett</a> and of two First World War <a href="https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2016/08/scotlands-first-world-war-cos-two.html">Conscientious Objectors</a>. She gained her registration on 10th May 1924, having qualified MB ChB (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery) at Aberdeen. (Joe's elder brother Alexander was a doctor: MB ChB Aberdeen 1904; MD 1906).<br />
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The more likely of two Nelly Fletts in the 1901 Census was living at 18 Blantyre Place, Rathven (the parish/registration district, often used interchangeably with Findochty in the records). Her father John was a fisherman. (<a href="https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2018/06/examples-of-family-reading-in-scotland.html">Joe's family</a> were in the fishing and fish-curing business).<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Findochty Harbour</td></tr>
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In 1930 Nelly is still appearing (Registration being for life, unless struck off) but her address has changed to 'c/o National Bank of India, Bombay' - no clue as to her reason for emigrating, whether off her own bat or in order to join her future husband. 'Nelly Flett' disappears from subsequent MR volumes, to be replaced by (Mrs.) Nelly <b>Tarlton</b>:<br />
<span style="color: #444444;">British India Office Marriages - on 2-2-1929 at Calcutta, Bengal:</span><br />
<span style="color: #444444;">Nelly Flett (30) and Edward Smedley Tarlton (43)</span>.<br />
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The Bombay address continues through MR 1933 and 1936 (volumes in the National Archives library) but by 1939 Nelly is evidently back in Britain, at Cherington Park, Avening, Stroud.<br />
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The Tarltons duly appear in the 1939 Register of Electors online, although it doesn't give Nelly her due. Her 'MB ChB' is transcribed erroneously as if middle intials, 'Ma Mb C?' and her occupation as the default for married women,'Unpaid Domestic Duties'. Her d.o.b.is 26-12-1898. Edward is described as 'Engineer (Mechanic) Retired', d.o.b.19-1-1884.<br />
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It is not clear without further research whether or for how long Nelly practised medicine in Gloucestershire, where she evidently continued to live. She appears in the Medical Directory for 1942 and 1944 as 'Tarleton, Nelly, née Flett', and (consistently as Tartlton) at the same Avening address in the MR until 1966, when she would have been in her 68th year.<br />
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Incidentally, Alec Flett's daughter and Joe's niece <b>Elizabeth Horne Flett</b> joins her father on the MR listing in 1942, with the qualification MRCS Eng (Member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England) LRCP London (Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians of London) 1941. Her home address was 34 The Avenue, Bedford Park, Chiswick.<br />
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<b>Margaret Nathaniel MacCallum</b>, apart from being female, was a more likely candidate for the medical profession, being the daughter of a Church of Scotland minister and younger sister of a doctor. What's more, her family showed signs of holding progressive views. Her brother's stand as a 'conchie' is well documented, along with his concern for workers' health and rights, while her father Malcolm stood as a Labour and Land League candidate in the 1920 Argyll by-election.<br />
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Margaret, born in 1892, studied medicine at Edinburgh - scene of notorious rioting against women in the medical faculty a few decades earlier - and qualified MB ChB in July 1913, so that she appears in the Medical Register and Medical Directory from 1914. In 1916 she added a Diploma in Public Hea;th (DPH) from Birmngham, suggesting an inclination towards social involvement rather than an elitist career. Her address until 1921 is given as the family home, Muckairn Manse, Taynuilt in Argyllshire (now a Category B listed building).<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaAMElnuWHpqlBCMnbeUIkuwtct72gAFiMdxiP8_U7YfHwZyfVuiOAwJq47PQWtGA9ulxrCu9NnaknbZAIbWHEvmRYiS19KBu0I72hf41ST07P7d7aJtESG16ryR4UjIiaMY0YyHKwOZEq/s1600/20190608_155317-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaAMElnuWHpqlBCMnbeUIkuwtct72gAFiMdxiP8_U7YfHwZyfVuiOAwJq47PQWtGA9ulxrCu9NnaknbZAIbWHEvmRYiS19KBu0I72hf41ST07P7d7aJtESG16ryR4UjIiaMY0YyHKwOZEq/s400/20190608_155317-1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Muckairn Manse, designed by Thomas Telford (1828)</td></tr>
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Changes in the listings from 1922 are explained, like Nelly's at the end of the decade, by the fact that she married. This record too is slightly inexact, but clear enough in meaning:<br />
<span style="color: #444444;">McCallum, Margaret Nathan married Dunst[a]n, Robert at Newington in 1922.</span><br />
Robert Dunstan was also a doctor, registered from 9-11-1900 (MRCS Eng, LRCP London).<br />
<br />
Margaret continues to appear under her married name, Dunstan (Mrs.) Margaret Nathaniel (formerly/née MacCallum), coincidentally also until 1966 like Nelly, when she would have been about 75. But for a time in the MR, at least until 1933, she had remained as MacCallum. Her address and Robert Dunstan's are the same: 84 Boyson Road, London SE17 during most of that time. In MD 1929 Robert has the additional address 'Paper Ridge, Temple'; this and other volumes show his additional attainments: Barrister-at-Law, Gray's Inn; Mem Med Leg (Medico-Legal) Soc; late Lt.RAMC (Royal Army Medical Corps - one wonders how he got on with his brother-in-law John).<br />
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The Dunstans do not seem to show up on the 1939 Register of Electors (frustratingly England and Wales only) online, although the MD for that year lists them both as living at South Green Cottage, Fingringhoe, Essex. Twenty years later (MR 1959) they were at Ivy Lodge, Martock, Somerset, and from 1964 Margaret was at Shipley Avenue, Torquay.<br />
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Neither of these is a noted pioneer among women in the medical profession nor celebrated for having practised medicine in a particularly adventurous or dangerous environment, but they like many others are part of the story of what the pioneers enabled women to achieve, even if the process was slow.* It took even longer in some specialisms, as indicated by the moderately well-known 'riddle' about the surgeon who turns out (spoiler alert) to be a woman - who would have thought of that?!<br />
* <a href="http://www.medicalwomensfederation.org.uk/about-us/facts-figures">http://www.medicalwomensfederation.org.uk/about-us/facts-figures</a></div>
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SmothPubshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13111109728985633135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8785092262719769427.post-28867194517273196722019-05-12T04:38:00.002-07:002019-05-12T11:18:10.342-07:00Edinburgh Tenants' Struggle, c.1973: More from Muirhouse<b><i>Note for fellow-pedants: </i></b><br />
<i>The title of this article was typed without the apostrophe, which is grammatically possible if 'struggle' is read as a verb, but it is more likely that the author would have intended it as a noun, i.e. 'struggle of Edinburgh tenants'. (Authors' manuscripts were typed up on stencils for the duplicator, the main means of unofficial publication at the time. Pages were then collated by hand in group sessions.)</i><br />
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First published in <b><i>Solidarity </i></b><i>(for Workers' Power)</i> (London) vol. 7, no.5, pp. 5-6<br />
Slightly edited.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXMpE6C7c_uC13cFYKbgyJK36hyAN7augBYrNWC-KG62rWUh29SGpTJq1xk-uN1Q6YLEgh7T4c8LjJ9qQa4-dWYHklm4W2JnsbR7sIbU0udfzEe-lqwa2l2SXYhyphenhyphenVcSSFZDVKpX_KgBc4V/s1600/20190511_184847-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; display: inline !important; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: start;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXMpE6C7c_uC13cFYKbgyJK36hyAN7augBYrNWC-KG62rWUh29SGpTJq1xk-uN1Q6YLEgh7T4c8LjJ9qQa4-dWYHklm4W2JnsbR7sIbU0udfzEe-lqwa2l2SXYhyphenhyphenVcSSFZDVKpX_KgBc4V/s200/20190511_184847-1.jpg" width="159" /></a>EDINBURGH TENANTS' STRUGGLE<br />
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<ul>
<li>The tenants' fight against the <a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1972/47/enacted">Housing Finance Act</a> continues despite the dual trad-left mystifications of the role of the unions and the Labour Party (e.g. I.S. (International Socialism): "Link up with the unions, force Labour Councils to act". This article about the Edinburgh tenants continues along the lines of the article in the last <i>Solidarity </i>[about Manchester, by someone else], namely - that only collective understanding can provide the basis for meaningful tenants' action. <i>- Editors of the mag.</i></li>
</ul>
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On October 5 1972 Edinburgh Corporation voted to implement the Housing Finance Act. On November 20 rent increases of about £1 per week came into effect. Tenants' Associations have existed for some time in many parts of the city, and combined to form the All-Edinburgh Tenants' Association to oppose the increases. The decision was taken to withhold increases rather than attempt a total rent strike.<br />
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Door-to-door canvassing resulted in several hundred tenants signing a declaration that they were willing to join the collective refusal to pay the increases. Other actions have included demonstrations, pickets at rent collection points, street and factory meetings and production of leaflets and bulletins. Many of these are still going on.<br />
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But the promise of a couple of months age (when meetings of Pilton T.A., for example, could draw a hundred people, and street meetings in areas like Wester Hailes could draw 50 at short notice, with volunteers coming forward as convenors for their street or block) has not been fulfilled. External signs of commitment would not matter so much if tenants were deeply involved with the struggle on an informal basis - talking about it, knowing their neighbours were refusing to pay, and confident they might influence events.Unfortunately, it would be self-deluding to pretend that this is happening so far. The most consistently active seem to be those of us with a political commitment to supplement our commitment as tenants.<br />
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The problem is not, as the International Socialists have suggested, a 'crisis of leadership', but the question of what limits people's ability to dispense with leaders and take things consciously into their own hands. Although Local Authority housing brings people together in a physical sense, they are juxtaposed rather than being involved collectively. They have the same landlord, the same management in some respects, but the imposition of authority and the simultaneous necessity to resist it are much less obviously present than in the productive process. In each privatised compartment traditional values, fostered within the family, reinforce themselves and militate against initiative.<br />
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This situation is only made worse by the orientation of traditional left parties towards trying to get people interested in choosing 'better' leaders, instead of encouraging autonomy. Edinburgh was one of the places where the Corporation dithered about a bit before deciding to implement 'Fair Rents', so there was a lot of preoccupation with Labour Councillors - putting pressure on them, urging votes of 'no confidence' when they 'sold out' (as if one should have confidence in the others; as if one couldn't have every confidence in them to act as good Labour politicians anyway). And we still get the monotonous reiteration of the adjective 'Tory' before every reference to the Rent Act, with the implication that Labour should be voted in instead. Securing their own power would of course be the prime aim of any Labour politicians 'pressurised' into 'taking up the fight', <i>i.e.</i> invited to take it over (it's not, after all, their fight), defuse and defeat it.<br />
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Going along with this, the objective of linking tenants and industrial workers tends to be approached through orthodox trade union channels, aiming to influence the hierarchy instead of making it redundant. As someone said, if you want to talk to a trade unionist, don't go to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic_Feather">Vic Feather</a> (or even the secretary of the local Trades Council), go to the bloke next door. However, there has been some emphasis on the desirability of rank-and-file link-ups, not with a view to substituting industrial action for tenants' struggle but to bring out the common interests and potential for mutual support between groups artificially differentiated by the system.<br />
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On January 11 1973 the All-Edinburgh Tenants' Association changed its name to the Edinburgh and District Tenants' Action Committee, re-emphasising the aim of fighting rent increases. Provision was made for affiliated TU branches, shop stewards' committees and similar groups (not including political organisations as such) to have one voting delegate each, while each Tenants' Association has two. We hope this will help to get it together in a more dynamic form, but we're still hamstrung by constitutionalism which allows people to be alienated by their own previous decisions about office-bearers elected with no provision for recall, regular delegates whose absence leaves their areas unrepresented, and the diverse interests of community involvement. (As an example of what the last can lead to, one delegate suggested that something we might act on at an All-Edinburgh level was wall-slogans, because people were concerned about them; he didn't mean we should use them as a method of propaganda, but that we should exert influence on the Corporation to stamp them out!)<br />
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We have to combat the differences between tenants, e.g.'respectable' versus 'problem' families, as well as between tenants and other sections of the class. Only their collective involvement, consciousness and confidence can guard against incipient bureaucracy - and replace those of us who are self-selected activists.In the meantime, we can raise some of the questions basic to the tenants' situation: not only why sudden and escalating rent increases, but why we have no choice about where and how we live; why the division between workers in the home and workers in the factory; how much (or little) sense it makes and what we can start doing about it.<br />
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L.W.</div>
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Muirhouse, Edinburgh</div>
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SmothPubshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13111109728985633135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8785092262719769427.post-44446070514176427152019-05-07T05:41:00.001-07:002019-05-22T05:29:49.446-07:00A Council Flat in Edinburgh, 1972-74<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>24/1 Muirhouse Park</b><br />
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The experience of living in a council flat on the northern fringe of Edinburgh in the early 1970s was rather different from that of a council house in <a href="https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2019/04/a-council-house-in-stornoway-1954-59.html">Stornoway </a>in the late 1950s, but the culture shock was not total, and there were some redeeming features - especially for those whose sojourn was temporary, with an end and a 'flitting' in sight after a couple of years.<br />
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In the early 1970s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muirhouse">Muirhouse </a>was seen (by some) as only the second-worst of Edinburgh's outlying housing estates, second to Pilton, across a main road, which had rather more boarded-up empty dwellings and a bleaker air of dereliction. Muirhouse and Pilton were both so far from a being an environment of choice, however, that some flats were made available to graduate students and their partners, with or even without small children, who would probably not otherwise have found themselves in the social housing sector at that stage. As it happened, a few of these were affiliated to left-wing groups - International Socialism, Leninist Communism, Solidarity - which gave them a particular take on the experience and an extra incentive to challenge the conditions. At the same time there were naturally longer-term residents with more traditional Labour and Trade Union views, with whom they attempted to work, not always perfectly harmoniously, on tenants' issues. Occasional social events were organised (there was some kind of community centre), as it might be a 'ceilidh' with eightsome reels and songs like 'Ye canny fling pieces fae a twenty-story flat' and, once, an attempt (it didn't go down well) at 'The workers' flag is palest pink/ Since Wilson washed it in the sink...'<br />
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<b style="text-align: center;">Muirhouse Weans</b><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK3aVxgnWFI-_UzbR3P5EppyzXkJc0v3YEDA3DTdZin4gKxVcr2LZuLV1HpwxyAwp9wqt4bDu65sbJ9L4ugX6zPYM02bzEFv3iXziTb8gKd84dKwkaoSsGmik6xIOwq7YzhfvBliaE56k8/s1600/24_1+Muirhouse+Park.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="933" data-original-width="927" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK3aVxgnWFI-_UzbR3P5EppyzXkJc0v3YEDA3DTdZin4gKxVcr2LZuLV1HpwxyAwp9wqt4bDu65sbJ9L4ugX6zPYM02bzEFv3iXziTb8gKd84dKwkaoSsGmik6xIOwq7YzhfvBliaE56k8/s320/24_1+Muirhouse+Park.jpg" width="317" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Occupants of 24/1</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1Z6-wf20Q29sX6BED8AqftqhkUtL-Z_4U8h9rVzJe4yChaYfpH6ZtmyQX2hsy2zqmKmgw94HfaQ_-cDWu3KSgRycfGL3GZ8PxQQVI9ODFMak3ZWmDUzqly4FEHLCHIxXYkn-5tqcob_9e/s1600/Pete%2527s+bike.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="775" data-original-width="500" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1Z6-wf20Q29sX6BED8AqftqhkUtL-Z_4U8h9rVzJe4yChaYfpH6ZtmyQX2hsy2zqmKmgw94HfaQ_-cDWu3KSgRycfGL3GZ8PxQQVI9ODFMak3ZWmDUzqly4FEHLCHIxXYkn-5tqcob_9e/s320/Pete%2527s+bike.jpg" width="206" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Intrepid visitor with bike</td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuglvtKr1K2F8ULEK72f0iUoASdhbAlchdxj8VqTHFOm6uTe3hyFVpQl49rqi1EKII_jjvlwoHPZfZn-zA2OthOSinqu_DgHwMHPAy4DK2MVE0s8u4vab61XD36QTpSAFbXOOpwEUXU18J/s1600/Muirhouse+bairns.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuglvtKr1K2F8ULEK72f0iUoASdhbAlchdxj8VqTHFOm6uTe3hyFVpQl49rqi1EKII_jjvlwoHPZfZn-zA2OthOSinqu_DgHwMHPAy4DK2MVE0s8u4vab61XD36QTpSAFbXOOpwEUXU18J/s200/Muirhouse+bairns.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqqSEJAGxLc2ejrfb-K2OLepRcSZqDTbQdfZ28ZElNqKxCQ0gl7rniQIIUYGh93ovTx0eLSgBzkpoT6o4fDXFmhNzeuxogMvvi2hizNCh4E4HGHkwtV1eIgnOFwD-4guCqDG4WqxM7BCZU/s1600/Muirhouse+kids.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqqSEJAGxLc2ejrfb-K2OLepRcSZqDTbQdfZ28ZElNqKxCQ0gl7rniQIIUYGh93ovTx0eLSgBzkpoT6o4fDXFmhNzeuxogMvvi2hizNCh4E4HGHkwtV1eIgnOFwD-4guCqDG4WqxM7BCZU/s200/Muirhouse+kids.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9hDOVO18pQsmJioydNCiqoxvsgNidrlCklaUK_TBiCaa0q1xl64FwbJh9HM2kKAlVkEo5d-Mchqto3lVTCfdi56YCuvC2ZJQKJ3F6SlKEiPH3HdXAXjaZTSrBVbyBKf4tn4K7HSb2vHwB/s1600/Muirhouse+pram.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9hDOVO18pQsmJioydNCiqoxvsgNidrlCklaUK_TBiCaa0q1xl64FwbJh9HM2kKAlVkEo5d-Mchqto3lVTCfdi56YCuvC2ZJQKJ3F6SlKEiPH3HdXAXjaZTSrBVbyBKf4tn4K7HSb2vHwB/s200/Muirhouse+pram.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg66Dqy4-igQZS5gPTiYc3oDhpNEtx8WwK3T41iDIGfRJrRDSrtKStJ6gLtOIJCIlsyJCKD0c9Uq9gO0aHX4f2AiflC0ruyaFib-7Aj6AtplqVnNEryJOhLd-cQplEXcRCjF8spxV_fqakO/s1600/Muirhouse+pram2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg66Dqy4-igQZS5gPTiYc3oDhpNEtx8WwK3T41iDIGfRJrRDSrtKStJ6gLtOIJCIlsyJCKD0c9Uq9gO0aHX4f2AiflC0ruyaFib-7Aj6AtplqVnNEryJOhLd-cQplEXcRCjF8spxV_fqakO/s200/Muirhouse+pram2.jpg" width="197" /></a><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv4LFe7rf49F_UeNjcLyQFXhxj7YDrztWYlz8qUvzzxCIurvTkoZnHSILV9MBWDDEPEt4JoW8JCsO42WX_L2B0FG3D4npsXaKN7M3kpwMbk5SyEgaDtNFhyphenhyphenDeG76T6BgknI9D5U135i6eJ/s1600/Muirhouse+washing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv4LFe7rf49F_UeNjcLyQFXhxj7YDrztWYlz8qUvzzxCIurvTkoZnHSILV9MBWDDEPEt4JoW8JCsO42WX_L2B0FG3D4npsXaKN7M3kpwMbk5SyEgaDtNFhyphenhyphenDeG76T6BgknI9D5U135i6eJ/s320/Muirhouse+washing.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A shared drying green at the back of no.24<br />
(Not sinister smoke in the sky, just a mark on the print).</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Anyone for gardening?</td></tr>
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<b>Greener and Pleasanter</b></div>
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At some remove from the sections of wasteland decorated with litter and graffiti (YMD <i>passim</i>; 'Even Hitler feared the Real Mental Drylaw' etc.),there were possible places for walks or picnics within pram- or buggy-pushing reach, although it was usually a good idea to 'wrap up warm' against the almost constant keen-to-bitter north/east wind. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKWZWvaB5ouXRBvcvqToqR_pRszIfj60iuTn6pD2v0u8dBt7psXAmA3F946EnjYCQChI9cMLYtxaS5tmuMIx7Uk0hYIMxwbrTT_gfg8c5FoftsqSgaxxIaHYTpF0-DeG0grBgzoo1y2IxD/s1600/20170318_164634_2.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKWZWvaB5ouXRBvcvqToqR_pRszIfj60iuTn6pD2v0u8dBt7psXAmA3F946EnjYCQChI9cMLYtxaS5tmuMIx7Uk0hYIMxwbrTT_gfg8c5FoftsqSgaxxIaHYTpF0-DeG0grBgzoo1y2IxD/s320/20170318_164634_2.jpg" width="316" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtIONkWc3MReyQG-bv-2HZR9Yx0Tyk35AYHE2dE586lIEh7iXDsiDKu1VpTyy4hc6avS6QIzBcKDlj00Ita_zE7RxqxeVULEjevRqvyw4mfFLSk8xCuSY5FwhdeIZaPyh5G0f51xAcYk8I/s1600/Firth+group.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtIONkWc3MReyQG-bv-2HZR9Yx0Tyk35AYHE2dE586lIEh7iXDsiDKu1VpTyy4hc6avS6QIzBcKDlj00Ita_zE7RxqxeVULEjevRqvyw4mfFLSk8xCuSY5FwhdeIZaPyh5G0f51xAcYk8I/s320/Firth+group.jpg" width="305" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqSjqlpYDPr26S7PpQhm1UJYc_qAvOlCbR9EUPA93Do8Pzv-yQRTQS-5bJswMISuiZ5K7lOQuUCX2DGZ187uNuDKIlJcX4VaZvHz1GSvYs3G-Hv3F0mY0G19rO40yvP-S2dU8VQcNI2rcU/s1600/20170318_165519_3.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqSjqlpYDPr26S7PpQhm1UJYc_qAvOlCbR9EUPA93Do8Pzv-yQRTQS-5bJswMISuiZ5K7lOQuUCX2DGZ187uNuDKIlJcX4VaZvHz1GSvYs3G-Hv3F0mY0G19rO40yvP-S2dU8VQcNI2rcU/s200/20170318_165519_3.jpg" width="200" /></a><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpOmLa0jOmDNhRTgWbvI_cguq3u85ZcAbVeqspbGJ9Kyzfl0IiL3RSw2fw3egcQEfZ0hSuba9COWjIshQiRMxwcsMOuIvugXcm5SZ1u3PKbJ3iD0JURxyz9YY3_ZHtlGCjC8eggD9gQaXK/s1600/Firth+of+Forth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpOmLa0jOmDNhRTgWbvI_cguq3u85ZcAbVeqspbGJ9Kyzfl0IiL3RSw2fw3egcQEfZ0hSuba9COWjIshQiRMxwcsMOuIvugXcm5SZ1u3PKbJ3iD0JURxyz9YY3_ZHtlGCjC8eggD9gQaXK/s320/Firth+of+Forth.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">On the shore of the Firth of Forth</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJmlvCvnx9UMD1MwpWI5pID1IouXnALtMHUg1wc2ExsQoyoLItO_ULTEjADqc8Z9kSa9tbsIAsUTKgYKudLUBvsOalIHqrwBu972ttHgASVxWro3UOl2Gb5SV8SFOxghnSxWCr5wdYVmFq/s1600/Muirhouse+roadside.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="961" data-original-width="950" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJmlvCvnx9UMD1MwpWI5pID1IouXnALtMHUg1wc2ExsQoyoLItO_ULTEjADqc8Z9kSa9tbsIAsUTKgYKudLUBvsOalIHqrwBu972ttHgASVxWro3UOl2Gb5SV8SFOxghnSxWCr5wdYVmFq/s400/Muirhouse+roadside.jpg" width="395" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A road beside the golfcourse</td></tr>
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<b>Tenants (and others) on the march</b></div>
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... in support of the miners against the Heath government, 1973</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTyswfgOiOTv4vXuvUsVyCP-32O7o481pp4lO4z0EJoNmH1IGHebkLjBs1nucCY1EZVrenAE3eIuUSPxWhfklshLnbAeaXqTCfFz33oqvdwEtFa-zEIZYs4yFayG_VtTmeKpUsl6Pot7iv/s1600/Tenants_miners+1973+-+Copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="970" data-original-width="950" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTyswfgOiOTv4vXuvUsVyCP-32O7o481pp4lO4z0EJoNmH1IGHebkLjBs1nucCY1EZVrenAE3eIuUSPxWhfklshLnbAeaXqTCfFz33oqvdwEtFa-zEIZYs4yFayG_VtTmeKpUsl6Pot7iv/s320/Tenants_miners+1973+-+Copy.jpg" width="313" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjozcM1mnpwyFJzggiKMM1ZSYy3KYoiHfvJth4wp2yddoXDV00jUiIYdBhh4mRtgO6tIXfvSK1hYBNG7Z3hHRFcoTRiEvWmnEYkECU7rfYGOaeJtTzGjVSG1RQgo0iwhnzQDngXSg70lZJH/s1600/Tenants_miners+1973b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1004" data-original-width="950" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjozcM1mnpwyFJzggiKMM1ZSYy3KYoiHfvJth4wp2yddoXDV00jUiIYdBhh4mRtgO6tIXfvSK1hYBNG7Z3hHRFcoTRiEvWmnEYkECU7rfYGOaeJtTzGjVSG1RQgo0iwhnzQDngXSg70lZJH/s400/Tenants_miners+1973b.jpg" width="377" /></a></div>
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<b>40+ years on...</b></div>
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and the flats at 24, like many surrounding buildings, were no more</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgAz3-93DsclLrRmxy1SkBMudcODDjBIafmxH29OL5xxfRNJkGVEk8BK3eFlQ7Y74CR1Y2ahTGkB3AcLHZEDNIHVGFyP2ZDh3__eqRE_iXVyD82u7JR65SZ2c3Wh46fPRILXdEbn9XWHcE/s1600/Muirhouse+1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgAz3-93DsclLrRmxy1SkBMudcODDjBIafmxH29OL5xxfRNJkGVEk8BK3eFlQ7Y74CR1Y2ahTGkB3AcLHZEDNIHVGFyP2ZDh3__eqRE_iXVyD82u7JR65SZ2c3Wh46fPRILXdEbn9XWHcE/s320/Muirhouse+1.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO7GfiuDl5JjIA0yWzlivqIiNmKd_pAhNuzFEct9vdClC-yFlEx_SgEUJCN5LaCxmudhJ3tGwe_DEnuM0QCx6BuNQ7Yo1Q4cUH2P7p5TGiShBEP7nnWAtoGvJkAUsSFKS5mjcaMy6rUDX4/s1600/Muirhouse+2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO7GfiuDl5JjIA0yWzlivqIiNmKd_pAhNuzFEct9vdClC-yFlEx_SgEUJCN5LaCxmudhJ3tGwe_DEnuM0QCx6BuNQ7Yo1Q4cUH2P7p5TGiShBEP7nnWAtoGvJkAUsSFKS5mjcaMy6rUDX4/s200/Muirhouse+2.JPG" width="200" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUBARn_LguZzda6HLFt7Zxl07V-owYPK7g5A3v2mYYRlJ9icjXf3l37sg4u40tEOS1hs-XXnVnHUsrkgnMUy6AjUYrYAPELHu6-Faeta6g8_3bF8FM7K3ah0g5C2HDWMw93_qgTo0qQ3pT/s1600/Muirhouse+4.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUBARn_LguZzda6HLFt7Zxl07V-owYPK7g5A3v2mYYRlJ9icjXf3l37sg4u40tEOS1hs-XXnVnHUsrkgnMUy6AjUYrYAPELHu6-Faeta6g8_3bF8FM7K3ah0g5C2HDWMw93_qgTo0qQ3pT/s200/Muirhouse+4.JPG" width="200" /></a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7ANQtGCLkeWNcaDnzUEeFnaoTViBZ9-hQ_jb_Q4HscRt_XvXSh-leRwWU5r68-eYQ5y-kt0HB-WuT1BN6qf_N1llnJ4akQStiDQc1DCb5AN5AToEzXIfOEcznCNyHHKhloUjr-bBD83RC/s1600/Muirhouse+J.JPG" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7ANQtGCLkeWNcaDnzUEeFnaoTViBZ9-hQ_jb_Q4HscRt_XvXSh-leRwWU5r68-eYQ5y-kt0HB-WuT1BN6qf_N1llnJ4akQStiDQc1DCb5AN5AToEzXIfOEcznCNyHHKhloUjr-bBD83RC/s320/Muirhouse+J.JPG" width="314" /></a></div>
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<b>But struggles continue...</b></div>
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<a href="http://libcom.org/library/stop-evictions-campaigners-tell-edinburgh-council" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: -1px; text-align: start;">Stop the Evictions, Campaigners Tell Edinburgh Council</a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #1f1e23; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"... The campaigners also demand more social housing – e.g. the </span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; color: #1f1e23; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">demolition and rebuilding in </span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8; color: #1f1e23; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Muirhouse </span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; color: #1f1e23; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">is resulting in a 70% reduction in council tenancies</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1f1e23; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">. The movement insists on an end to the bad conditions in temporary housing, regulation of private sector rents, and for the Council to do repairs promptly and eradicate dampness. There must be an end to the inhuman practices of refusing to allocate homeless people temporary accommodation and telling them to come back next day, and of telling homeless people to report to the council office on eviction date and wait indefinitely for temporary accommodation..."</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-45508172" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-45508172&ved=2ahUKEwjg6b6ktoniAhUETBUIHecWDqMQFjANegQIBBAB" style="color: #660099; cursor: pointer;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">'Insufferable' conditions at Muirhouse council flats - BBC News</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-45508172" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-45508172&ved=2ahUKEwjg6b6ktoniAhUETBUIHecWDqMQFjANegQIBBAB" style="color: #660099; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><cite class="iUh30" style="color: #006621; cursor: pointer; font-style: normal; line-height: 1.43; padding-top: 1px;"><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-45508172" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-45508172&ved=2ahUKEwjg6b6ktoniAhUETBUIHecWDqMQFjANegQIBBAB" style="color: #660099; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-45508172 </a> </cite></span><span class="f" style="color: #777777; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.54;">13 Sep 2018 - </span><span style="color: #545454; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">An urgent investigation into living conditions in flats in the </span><span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold;">Muirhouse</span><span style="color: #545454; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"> area of </span><span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold;">Edinburgh</span><span style="color: #545454; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"> has been launched.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://nen.press/2016/08/31/muirhouse-sixth-most-deprived-community-in-scotland/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://nen.press/2016/08/31/muirhouse-sixth-most-deprived-community-in-scotland/&ved=2ahUKEwjg6b6ktoniAhUETBUIHecWDqMQFjAMegQIBRAB" style="color: #660099; cursor: pointer;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Muirhouse sixth most deprived community in Scotland – The NEN ...</span></a><a href="https://nen.press/2016/08/31/muirhouse-sixth-most-deprived-community-in-scotland/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://nen.press/2016/08/31/muirhouse-sixth-most-deprived-community-in-scotland/&ved=2ahUKEwjg6b6ktoniAhUETBUIHecWDqMQFjAMegQIBRAB" style="color: #660099; cursor: pointer;"></a></span><br />
<a href="https://nen.press/2016/08/31/muirhouse-sixth-most-deprived-community-in-scotland/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://nen.press/2016/08/31/muirhouse-sixth-most-deprived-community-in-scotland/&ved=2ahUKEwjg6b6ktoniAhUETBUIHecWDqMQFjAMegQIBRAB" style="color: #660099; cursor: pointer;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">
</span></a></div>
<div class="s" style="background-color: white; color: #545454; line-height: 1.54; max-width: 48em;">
<cite class="iUh30" style="color: #006621; cursor: pointer; font-style: normal; line-height: 1.43; padding-top: 1px;"><span style="color: #660099; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://nen.press/2016/08/31/muirhouse-sixth-most-deprived-community-in-scotland/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://nen.press/2016/08/31/muirhouse-sixth-most-deprived-community-in-scotland/&ved=2ahUKEwjg6b6ktoniAhUETBUIHecWDqMQFjAMegQIBRAB" style="color: #660099; cursor: pointer;">https://nen.press/2016/08/31/muirhouse-sixth-most-deprived-community-in-scotland/</a> </span></cite><span class="f" style="color: #777777; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.54;">31 Aug 2016 - </span><span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold;">Muirhouse</span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"> is the only </span><span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold;">Edinburgh</span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"> area to feature among the ten most deprived communities in the country ...</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">========================</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><b>COMING SHORTLY:</b></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbegIg-d1pmXU8zQWWAYvMSqaJRASt7bJ83-IaBR_tN6-9mW3b0h5ok9IIeIzo-my5_x07T5kPu_mdYwRgkfz-QaixoDAVuh7m3v8yW9RmwHfHVDCACdWiWVP5KXKPmdxr8j8r-hs6V_ig/s1600/20190511_175152.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbegIg-d1pmXU8zQWWAYvMSqaJRASt7bJ83-IaBR_tN6-9mW3b0h5ok9IIeIzo-my5_x07T5kPu_mdYwRgkfz-QaixoDAVuh7m3v8yW9RmwHfHVDCACdWiWVP5KXKPmdxr8j8r-hs6V_ig/s400/20190511_175152.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">How it looked at the time</td></tr>
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SmothPubshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13111109728985633135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8785092262719769427.post-42125633944604474792019-04-30T05:34:00.001-07:002019-05-27T21:30:12.450-07:00A Council House in Stornoway, 1954-59<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>38 Kennedy Terrace</b><br />
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During his time on <a href="https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2015/04/local-election-result-stornoway-may-1955.html">Stornoway Town Council</a> one of Calum Smith's main concerns was the provision of more and better homes at an easily affordable rent, what is now called 'social housing'. He used to point with some pride at a small 'scheme' destined for older people, claiming credit for the decision to paint the front doors in different colours instead of all in one of the traditional darkish school-uniform shades. In his memoir <i>Around the Peat-fire</i> (Birlinn, 2001 and 2010) he described the inadequate conditions in which his parents had to raise their large family, and the surprise of finding them accommodated in a council house in Goathill Cottages (later Anderson Road) on his return from university. His future wife Peggy in a similarly large family had moved into a parallel street (Nicolson Road). Their respective parents and younger siblings were subsequently moved to Bain Square, Manor Park (Smiths) and Springfield Road (Fletts), still in council schemes.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgx2jmy5UOd4VNzwNootJnmEFFCYm-LRmiYCissYwa4eNJt6KXSxgXOmX1OmNfNynrsMiill2BzR1oZrkLcXhEKeVLCkq75Ziw-3Z_JECSLE1lMP_EZh_V4TSGgDx5QEFhe0zS51EhZpmX0/s1600/38+Kennedy+Terr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgx2jmy5UOd4VNzwNootJnmEFFCYm-LRmiYCissYwa4eNJt6KXSxgXOmX1OmNfNynrsMiill2BzR1oZrkLcXhEKeVLCkq75Ziw-3Z_JECSLE1lMP_EZh_V4TSGgDx5QEFhe0zS51EhZpmX0/s200/38+Kennedy+Terr.jpg" width="135" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: xx-small; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 16.8667px;">38 Kennedy Terrace</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 16.8667px;">, 1959</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 16.8667px; text-align: left;">(with accidental ink blot)</span></td></tr>
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In the mid-1950s the social housing sector was expanding in Stornoway as elsewhere to try to cope with postwar demand. At around the same time Calum, now married with two daughters, was faced with the loss of the family's accommodation after the death of Peggy's maternal aunt, in whose house they had been living (paying rent). They had been on the council waiting list for some time and were offered a new home in one of the first blocks to be ready for occupation in Kennedy Terrace. (Not, be it noted, as a result of undue influence; in fact a previous offer had been declined precisely because Calum did not wish to appear to be jumping the queue. He was still on the council, however, although not for very much longer, and there were some ill-natured mutterings.)<br />
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Their new house was at one end of a block of four. It had two bedrooms and a bathroom upstairs, a living room and kitchen downstairs. Several of the neighbouring households were new to town life, having come in from 'the country', Gaelic speakers and staunch Free-Kirk Presbyterians. Next door to Calum lived Captain Smith (no relation) of the mailboat, the old Loch Seaforth, with his wife and four daughters. As more families moved in around them the children of the Terrace soon got to know each other and developed their own ways of interacting. They communicated in English, with the occasional borrowing ('deoch' for drink), and a sprinkling of the Stornoway argot (two wing meek = tuppence ha'penny).<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Post-election-defeat letter to Calum</span></td></tr>
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It wasn't a bad place to be growing up, notably good for street play, with very little traffic. Few people had cars. There was space in the cul-de-sac, with steps down to paths past back gardens to Leverhulme Drive, and a square of stubby grass where the watchman's hut stood until the buildings around were complete. In the early days unfinished houses were a site of illicit ploys, with the risk of being chased by the 'watchie'; later, he would sometimes invite a few children into his hut of a cold evening, for warmth and a 'yarn'.<br />
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A more approved pastimes (for girls) was skipping using a long rope (two wielding it, one performing in the middle) bought from the ironmongers (Calum spliced the ends of one for his daughter, using his wartime-navy skills) accompanied by the usual sort of chants (<i>Scotland, England, Ireland, Wales/ All turned up like the monkeys' TAILS!</i>), many preoccupied with supposed romantic prediction;, e.g.<br />
<i>'Gooseberry, raspberry,strawberry jam/</i><br />
<i>Tell me the name of your young man. </i><br />
<i>A - B - etc.' </i><br />
(The intial at which you tripped up would be that of your 'boyfriend'. Then the traditional 'Tinker, tailor..' would find out his occupation, and 'Castle/ palace/ pigsty/ barn' where you would live.)<br />
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After the skipping season came 'doublers', using two multi-coloured rubber balls from Woolworths (they had to be the right kind) to test your dexterity and coordination against any fairly smooth vertical surface, usually that of the 'close' that ran through the middle of the block, for as long as the inhabitants would or could put up with the thumping. Refinements included overhand and underleg throws, clapping, and twirling round fast enough to catch the ball on the rebound, the game being not to let one fall. The actions might be performed in a prescribed sequence: <i>Plainy, stooky, dummy, stooky-dummy, right hand, left hand, right leg under, left leg under</i>... or to various rhymes.<br />
One clasic chant for Doublers went like this:<br />
<i>"Are you gong to golf, sir/ No sir/ Why sir?</i><br />
<i>Because I've got a cold sir/ Where did you get the cold sir?</i><br />
<i>At the North Pole sir./ What were you doing there sir?</i><br />
<i>Catching polar bears sir/ How many did you catch sir?</i><br />
<i>One sir. two sir.."</i> and so on.<br />
On every 'sir' a special action (overhand etc.) would be performed, the winner being whoever could reach the highest number without missing a catch.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile the wee-fellows (boys) might be kicking a football, 'scrapping', trying to make home-made go-karts go, or something. While some games such as the above were gender-specific, boys and girls would sometimes hang out together, kidding back and forth under the lampposts, chasing and hiding in groups or competing in activities in the swingpark. Once there was a play-off between boy and girl champions at jumping off a swing at its highest point and seeing how far you could jump. The boy won the token prize (choice of a penny toffee or Xcel chewing gum from Rossie's on Bayhead), but not by much (and the girl claimed to prefer the second choice anyway).<br />
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From time to time a mini-craze would take hold: hula-hoops; a version of hopscotch called 'Beds'; 'Truth, dare or promise'; slides and snowballs in the few really snow-and-icy winters; making 'spoogers' (water-pistols) out of lemon-shaped Jif juice dispensers...<br />
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<a href="https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2017/11/all-sundays-were-long-days-in-isles.html">On Sundays</a>, of course, the most innocent forms of play (as well as all work - absolutely no washing out on the lines) were barred by majority public opinion, and even quite small children who ventured on frivolous make-believe in their own back gardens on the Sabbath risked solemn admonition from the peer group. On one memorable occasion a little friend hurled the scandalised accusation at one of Calum's daughters: "Your mother was singing on Sunday!" The defensive assertion that she was singing hymns didn't cut it, only psalms in proper places of worship were allowed. It was likewise considered scandalous by some when the Church of Scotland (Martin's Memorial) Sunday School summer treat was diverted to the cinema because it was too wet for a picnic, the 'pictures' being the work of the devil:"Surely the Minister wouldn't allow that?"<br />
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All the same another game involved guessing the name of the filmstar the other team was supposedly thinking of from shouted initials - DD could be Diana Dors or Doris Day - and popular songs of the time like the latter's 'Que sera, sera' were sung happily (except on Sundays), There were few counter-attractions to rival calling on friends and going out to play - television did not reach the island until 1959 - but plenty of influences from popular culture in the world at large, what with the Picture House, radio, <i>Gazette</i>, <i>Sunday Post</i> (but not until Monday) and the <i>Weekly News</i> (Saturday), not to mention relatives and visitors from Away.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cat on Peatstack<br />
Kennedy Terrace, Stornoway, 1959</td></tr>
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Quite a few people had peats - renting a peatbank and going through the laborious process of cutting by hand, drying and turning in stages and conveying the peats to the roadside before they were taken home by lorry. On a fine summer evening this would be the occasion of a more traditional-seeming, almost 'folklorique' scene with neighbours, including children, rallying round and helping to carry the peats from the lorry in wheelbarrows and buckets, to be built into a stack near the back door by those most skilled in that art. The resulting tiredness, heat and dust were mitigated by the reward of tea and cake in the kitchen. </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Calum's and Peggy's second daughter (left) and friend<br />
in the garden backing on to 'Macninch's Park'</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A few years on, with big sister's friend<br />
in the same garden, nearer the house</td></tr>
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<span style="text-align: left;">Behind the Smiths' block and the next one there was a large field, now built over, known as Macninch's Park, extending to Goathill across present-day Balmerino Drive. The gardens backed on to it, and the fences were easy to get through, to enjoy the pastoral setting and pick wildflowers, or make 'houses' in the long grass and among grain-stalks, or just for a short-cut. Capturing bees in jamjars (albeit with air-holes and flower-heads </span><span style="text-align: left;">supplied) was popular for a time until discouraged by Calum on the grounds that these useful insects should be left to go about their business</span><span style="text-align: left;">, When the field was being used for cattle, cows and the occasional bull would come up to the fence and accept offers of cabbage leaves through the widely-spaced wire, it is to be hoped without coming to too much harm. Some years a corncrake could be heard on summer nights, </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.6667px; text-align: left;">its distinctive 'skraak' </span><span style="text-align: left;">quite loud in the back bedroom.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Other downside aspects, apart from the religious repression, were inevitable, squabbles, rivalries, name-calling, gangings-up and so on being more or less endemic among bunches of kids, and these were normal enough kids whatever their denominational (if any) background. It would perhaps be a mistake to depict any childhood as an unblemished idyll, and this was far from such, but there were certainly good points about it. In many respects girls and boys could have, by modern standards, a remarkable amount of unsupervised freedom, running round the streets till all hours in the long summer evenings, and often well after dark in the winter,</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">in reasonable expectation of safety</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.8667px;"></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">No.38 and the rest of its block in 2017.<br />
Houses on what used to be Macninch's Park can be seen in the background.</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.8667px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC8KMwqCnQLYD0-iCqdvNzAhuKJ9Dm2mDBjDF0YYFXd05s_k3J7hVrGMFpAAn8msFQBuTlWegrGYTbM-U9uzW4YaAANlVGRre9z-POrPaiecpHMI-i2ZOyCMday5HdIhvDOA58ABSoCuFG/s1600/2017+SY+street+map.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="995" data-original-width="1600" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC8KMwqCnQLYD0-iCqdvNzAhuKJ9Dm2mDBjDF0YYFXd05s_k3J7hVrGMFpAAn8msFQBuTlWegrGYTbM-U9uzW4YaAANlVGRre9z-POrPaiecpHMI-i2ZOyCMday5HdIhvDOA58ABSoCuFG/s400/2017+SY+street+map.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">Kennedy Terrace runs SW-NE roughly parallel to Westview Terrace,<br />
with offshoots (blank on map), square and cul-de-sac</td></tr>
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SmothPubshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13111109728985633135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8785092262719769427.post-20862722172363297862019-03-27T15:34:00.002-07:002019-04-01T12:23:06.156-07:00From Leyton to Stornoway to Dartmoor... A CO's journey.<span style="font-family: inherit;">The <a href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/middlesex-military-service-appeal-tribunal-1916-1918/">Middlesex Appeal Tribunal</a> records, as noted previously, are a valuable resource for historians interested in the Conscientious Objectors (COs) of the First World War, often providing appellants' accounts of motivation, beliefs and political affinity in their own words. For the most part, however, such material is not available for other parts of the country, including areas of London which were located in the county of Essex.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Exceptionally, one CO from what is now the London Borough of Waltham Forest does have an appeal file, because by 1916 he had moved to the Isle of Lewis. In Scotland, not only were the records for Lothain and Peebles pteserved as the example set (like Middlesex for England), those for Lewis also happened fortuitously to survive.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">58 Borthwick Road</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">In 1911, </span><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">according to the Census,</span><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"> <b>Charles Record</b> at 19 was a 'Servant In Training For Teacher', living with his parents and 18-year-old sister Gladys, an '</span><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">Elementary [Primary School] Student Teacher' at 58 Borthwick Road, Stratford. His parents were east-enders, father a </span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #2e2c25; line-height: 14px;">'</span><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">Decorative Japanner' from Bethnal Green, mother from Stepney. Charles and Gladys were born in Wanstead Slip. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_Borough_of_Leyton">Leyton</a></b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_Borough_of_Leyton"> </a>was a local government district in southwest Essex, England, from 1873 to 1965. It included the neighbourhoods of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyton" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080;" title="Leyton">Leyton</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leytonstone" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080;" title="Leytonstone">Leytonstone</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cann_Hall" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080;" title="Cann Hall">Cann Hall</a>. It now forms the southernmost part of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Waltham_Forest" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080;" title="London Borough of Waltham Forest">London Borough of Waltham Forest</a> [...] <span style="color: #222222;">To the south, the parish of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanstead" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080;" title="Wanstead">Wanstead</a><span style="color: #222222;"> formed a long protrusion known as the <b>Wanstead Slip</b>, which extended to the marshes of the </span><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">River Lea</span><span style="color: #222222;"> and divided Leyton from </span><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">West Ham</span><span style="color: #222222;">.</span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: xx-small;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">Five years later he was a science teacher in the</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"> </span><a href="https://stornowayhistoricalsociety.org.uk/nicolsoninstitute/">Nicolson Institute</a><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">, Stornoway, Isle of Lewis, Scotland, living at 28 Point Street in the town. By then the school was well </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">established </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">and </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">prestigious, producing high-achievers who went on to </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">successful</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"> careers in the wider world. In 1914 the school magazine, according to a <a href="https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2017/07/lives-in-lewis-landscape-and-elsewhere.html">recent historian</a>, reported that since 1898 nearly 100 (99) former pupils had graduated from Scottish universities. S</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">cience, though, was a comparatively recent addition to the curriculum, which may explain why at least one of its teachers came from so far away. </span></span><br />
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<span style="line-height: 16.8px;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #4c4c4c; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In January 1893, the then headmaster, Mr Forbes, was placed in charge of the new Secondary department which introduced the teaching of Latin, Greek, Mathematics, Geography, History, English, French, German, Music, Domestic Economy, Drawing and Needlework. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #4c4c4c;">In 1907, with a school roll of more than 800, a decision was made to erect a new building. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #4c4c4c;">The new building was opened in 1910 - </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #4c4c4c;">built with the aid of a £7,000 grant from the Scottish Education department - and incorporated five classrooms, a science laboratory, technical workshop and art room. </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"></span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh22RyhVxE8EHw-V98EYfpC65zinm5glZ5rifK-2r8DW8kC0GnNqKC_7AmIxURB6FW3T6-9kZTuP34-KHrEHBD2qYFe7WUkmdIV8kqSm_5YKY5AB4z8lKQdkSxTr6G7DrtXTp8zei7gFeox/s1600/20190329_080519-1-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh22RyhVxE8EHw-V98EYfpC65zinm5glZ5rifK-2r8DW8kC0GnNqKC_7AmIxURB6FW3T6-9kZTuP34-KHrEHBD2qYFe7WUkmdIV8kqSm_5YKY5AB4z8lKQdkSxTr6G7DrtXTp8zei7gFeox/s400/20190329_080519-1-1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Point Street is towards the south-west, near 'Stornoway Port Authority'</td></tr>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: inherit;">What Charles did and had done to him in the war has </span><a href="https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2016/07/conscientious-objectors-from-lewis.html" style="font-family: inherit;">already been looked at</a><span style="color: black; font-family: inherit;"> in some detail, along with a very few other COs from the island. One of those, Murdo Macleod, had his appeal hearing heard on the same day as Charles, and was later sent to the same regiment (the Seaforth Highlanders) and court-martialled in the same place (Ripon). It would be interesting to know how those two young men, united in their determination but widely divergent in their beliefs and background, got along together in their shared adversity.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"> </span><b style="color: black;">Charles Record, Stornoway, originally from Essex, is on the</b></span><b style="color: black; font-family: inherit;"> Pearce CO Register </b></div>
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<li style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 16.8px;">Became an </span><span style="line-height: 16.8px;">Absentee (i.e. left his place of residence, probably when the appeal was refused). </span></span></li>
<li style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 16.8px;">Was arrested 30.6.16</span></li>
<li style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 16.8px;">Drafted into the </span><span style="line-height: 16.8px;">Seaforth Highlanders (having refused non-combatant service)</span><span style="line-height: 16.8px;"> </span></span></li>
<li style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 16.8px;">Court Martial at Ripon,14.7.16 - sentenced to 1 year imprisonment</span></li>
<li style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 16.8px;">Served time in </span><span style="line-height: 16.8px;">Northallerton (Civil Prison) and Durham (Civil Prison)</span><span style="line-height: 16.8px;">.</span></span></li>
<li style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 16.8px;">Came before the </span><span style="line-height: 16.8px;">Central Tribunal at Wormwood Scrubs, 1.9.16 - found to be CO class A, genuine</span></span></li>
<li style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 16.8px;">Referred to Brace Committee for work under the </span><span style="line-height: 16.8px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 16.8px;">Home Office Scheme</span></span></li>
<li style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 16.8px;">In work centres </span><span style="line-height: 16.8px;">at</span><span style="line-height: 16.8px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 16.8px;">Wakefield, 12-10-16, </span><span style="line-height: 16.8px;">and</span><span style="line-height: 16.8px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 16.8px;">Dartmoor, 28.8.17 and 21.2.1918.</span></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">His motivation is said to be 'religious', but his own words in the <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B90F9J6p3hh5WlVQWGZJbnFMVWs/view">Appeal Tribunal file</a> make it clear that he also saw himself as an Iinternationalist. </span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Appeal against Conscription, 1916 by Charles Record, Conscientious Objector<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">The file is prefaced by a handwritten 2-page dated </span><span style="line-height: 12.84px;">20<sup>th</sup> </span><span style="line-height: 18px;">May 1916 protesting against the decision of the Appeal tribunal.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="line-height: 18px;">Notice of Appeal</span></b><span style="line-height: 18px;">. (Stamped, Stornoway, 20-3-16</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgv9zu_HxXvD2Bz9Ge_h_CR-g5yWSZn0NsaeddyMBolWctTheeBum8CwxULvX43rSwbNlMN5y0xc6r2fAYzrRX4lOB79oxa0ePQoZfkoneoc5hZpVCZwJbHBvagbWziAUWTJT4GBBLxmSf/s1600/20190325_195811-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgv9zu_HxXvD2Bz9Ge_h_CR-g5yWSZn0NsaeddyMBolWctTheeBum8CwxULvX43rSwbNlMN5y0xc6r2fAYzrRX4lOB79oxa0ePQoZfkoneoc5hZpVCZwJbHBvagbWziAUWTJT4GBBLxmSf/s400/20190325_195811-1.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">(2) <span style="background: lightgrey; mso-highlight: lightgrey;">Grounds on which appeal made</span>: </span><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">My application was for total exemption on grounds of conscientious objection. By granting me exemption from combatant service the Local Tribunal apparently admitted my sincerity.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"> I appeal for total exemption; so that I may not be compelled to assist in the taking of life.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"> In particular I appeal for exemption from work involving the taking of the Military Oath. At present I can disobey laws which conflict with my conscience, if willing to suffer the penalties. By taking the oath I surrender that right, by solemnly promising to obey all commands of the military authorities; thereby handing over my conscience to them. This is quite impossible for me; especially since I object to the purpose for which the military organisation exists, & therefore to most of its requirements. Even though I might never receive a command which conflicted with my conscience, I cannot make the offer to discard my convictions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Charles Record <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">March 4<sup>th</sup> 1916<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Reasons for the decision of the Local (Stornoway) Tribunal</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-family: "bradley hand itc";">The Tribunal having heard the Applicant refused the Application, but recommended him for non-combatant service. </span></b> [2-3-16]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b>For Appeal Tribunal</b> (Ross & Cromarty and Sutherland, Lewis Section</span><span style="line-height: 18px;">)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "bradley hand itc";">The Tribunal having heard the appellant refused the Appeal.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Leave to appeal </b>[further, to Central Tribunal]<b> was also refused, the appellant not having stated any grounds to justify persuasion.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Stornoway 31<sup>st</sup> March 1916. </span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Reasons in support of the [original] Application <o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZdECfjySHM5P1_u8HSW4CLR93x2jhgDsJehdPhA6GbN_ePYG-seucC7e6pqvxz2l-NpeGmRKUe7Tq52MW-RlfZN5b44zDDB1PPMpf_ua0bGRm_LAyFT_TEP323scTr4EQfP8IO_tD9M0s/s1600/20190325_200248-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZdECfjySHM5P1_u8HSW4CLR93x2jhgDsJehdPhA6GbN_ePYG-seucC7e6pqvxz2l-NpeGmRKUe7Tq52MW-RlfZN5b44zDDB1PPMpf_ua0bGRm_LAyFT_TEP323scTr4EQfP8IO_tD9M0s/s400/20190325_200248-1.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"> <span style="line-height: 18px;">As a Christian I cannot undertake the responsibility of inflicting death.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: 36pt;"> My international ideals convince me that I ought not to take part in international disputes which involve the killing of my fellows.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: 36pt;"> I believe all occupations designed to assist the military authorities to partake of the same nature as actual combatant service. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: 36pt;">[A written statement (in duplicate) [on file] accompanies the forms].</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Charles Record <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><b>Decision of the Tribunal</b>: [against which the appeal was lodged]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Stornoway 2<sup>nd</sup> March 1916<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Tribunal refused the Application and recommend that applicant be relieved from combatant service and enrolled at once in the R.A.M.C. [Royal Army Medical Corps].<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit;">John Mackenzie Chairman. </span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;">The penalties Charles duly underwent in accordance with his conscience included some of the most rigorous prisons and <a href="https://warwick.ac.uk/services/library/mrc/explorefurther/digital/prison/wakefield">Work Centres</a> but unlike some.COs he survived and was evidently</span><span style="text-indent: 0px;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0px;">able to</span><span style="text-indent: 0px;"> resume a normal life and exercise his profession. In early 1919 he married Ethel Betts near his old home and birthplace in Lonodn (West Ham registration district). </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">1939</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #d9ead3; font-family: inherit;"><span data-id="transcriptAddress" style="background-color: #e0dacd; color: #807869;">318 Almondbury Bank </span><span style="background-color: #e0dacd; color: #807869;">, </span><span data-id="transcriptPlace" style="background-color: #e0dacd; color: #807869;">Huddersfield C.B., Yorkshire (West Riding), England</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span data-id="transcriptPlace" style="background-color: #e0dacd; color: #807869; font-family: inherit;">Record Household of 6 people</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span data-id="transcriptPlace" style="background-color: #e0dacd; color: #807869; font-family: inherit;">Charles Physics Teacher, Tech.College b.30-10-1891</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span data-id="transcriptPlace" style="background-color: #e0dacd; color: #807869;">Ethel b.1890 u</span></span><span style="background-color: #e0dacd; color: #807869;">np</span><span style="background-color: #e0dacd; color: #807869;">aid domestic duties</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span data-id="transcriptPlace" style="background-color: #e0dacd; color: #807869; font-family: inherit;">Another (record withheld)</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span data-id="transcriptPlace" style="background-color: #e0dacd; color: #807869; font-family: inherit;">Kathleen (Whiteley) Record b.1922 At schoool</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #e0dacd; color: #807869;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(Kathleen Record m.Kenneth Whiteley, Huddersfield 1944)</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span data-id="transcriptPlace" style="background-color: #e0dacd; color: #807869;">Annie [m.s.Wood] Record b.1865 Widowed </span></span><span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span data-id="transcriptPlace" style="background-color: #e0dacd; color: #807869;">u</span></span><span style="background-color: #e0dacd; color: #807869;">np</span><span style="background-color: #e0dacd; color: #807869;">aid domestic duties</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span data-id="transcriptPlace" style="background-color: #e0dacd; color: #807869; font-family: inherit;">Emily S. Record Waistcoat maker retired b.1860 </span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span data-id="transcriptPlace" style="background-color: #e0dacd; color: #807869; font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black;">The 1939 Register of Electors finds him living in Huddersfield and employed as a Physics Teacher in the Technical College. Others in the household are his wife Ethel, their daughter Kathleen, born in 1922, his widowed mother Annie and (probably) an unmarried paternal aunt, and someone else whose details are not (yet) available.</span><span style="color: black;"> According to the most likely death record, Crewe 1967, he lived to the age of 75.</span></span></span></div>
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SmothPubshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13111109728985633135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8785092262719769427.post-28538725772512412042019-03-03T07:37:00.000-08:002019-04-08T13:13:17.238-07:00Conscientious Objectors in First World War Walthamstow<span style="font-family: inherit;">A search on the online database of First World War Conscientious Objectors (<a href="https://search.livesofthefirstworldwar.org/search/world-records/conscientious-objectors-register-1914-1918">Pearce CO Register</a>) using keyword 'Walthamstow' brings up 108 records. While not quite all of these include an address in the area - it was a location for enlistment in the RAMC - it is probably safe to say that about 100 men resident in or from present-day E17 (more or less) felt strongly enough about opposing the war to take a stand openly against it, with all the risks to freedom, health, livelihood and sanity that that entailed. </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">(What happened to some of those who enlisted in Walthamstow is </span><a href="http://radicalhistorynetwork.blogspot.com/2019/02/another-hidden-mutiny-cos-and-ramc-in.html" style="font-family: inherit;">another story</a><span style="font-family: inherit;">.)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Although transcripts of all the records are freely available, the amount of information given on each can vary from brief details of name and reported arrest to a thorough if shorthand account including age, address, occupation, motivation, courts martial, prison, work camp, date of discharge and occasionally subsequent career. Sources are supplied in all cases. A selecction has been made here, to give an impression of what may be found, picking out some who stand out in one or more ways as being out of the common even in this uncommon company, For example, we have several sets of brothers; a number who were politically motivated and/or proclaimed themselves without religion, knowing how this would prejudice the tribunals which considered their claims for exemption; and others who were sent to do alternativeservice at notorious work centres like Dyce camp, Dartmoor and Wakefield. These categories may overlap to a considerable extent.</span><br />
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<i><span style="font-family: inherit;">Notes and excerpts or brief summaries of key points from the online transcripts</span></i><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Brothers</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Archie G Bussey b.1895. </b><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><b>27, Thornhilll Road, Leyton. Shop Asistant, </b></span><b><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;">athletic outfitters</span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">.</span></b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">CM (Court Martial) Hurdcott 14.8.16 - 6 months HL (with hard labour) commuted to 112 days. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><b>Henry E</b>.</span><b>Bussey b.1885 </b><i>same address</i><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"> </span><span style="color: #333333;"><b>Engineer's fitter, railway company</b>, </span><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><b>NCF </b>(No-Conscription Fellowship - listed as a member in 1915). Wartime experiences not on record.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333;"><b>Walter J</b>.</span><b>Bussey b.1887</b><b> </b><i>same address</i><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"> </span><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><b>Butcher, journeyman</b>. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;">CM (Court Martial) Hurdcott 15.8.16 - 6 months HL (with hard labour) com.to 112 days.</span><span style="color: #333333;"> </span></span><br />
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<b><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;">George Augustus Albert Cole</span></b> <b>b.1892. </b><b style="color: #333333;">37, Brunner Road.</b><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"> </span><b>Engineer. </b><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><b>N</b></span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><b>on-sectarian</b>; <b>Trade unionist </b>(ASE), <b>NCF. </b></span></span><br />
<b style="color: black;">Absolutist </b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">- i.e. refused to accept </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">ECS (</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">exemption from combatant servie only)</span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"> </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">CM (Court Martial) Sutton Veny 28.10.16 - 112 days HL, Wormwood Scrubs </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">CM Newton Abbott 27.2.17 - 2 yrs.HL com.to 6 months Winchester CP (Civil Prison) </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">CM Blackdown 1.8.17 - 18 months HL Winchester CP </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">CM Blackdown 22.11.18 - 2yrs.HL Winchester CP </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">By Jan.1919 had served 3/4 sentences and more than two years. </span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">Winchester CP (Civil Prison) - discharged by order of Secretary of State <b>24.3.19</b> - under the '<b>two year rule</b>'..</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMVxu2vQFt8p3g4tBoJYxuMUYzp6_f8W-RvbeHguS0EjiVP6gCqeOo09N-4E4of5kmn4iXRpuXkMTtLTTIvsnW7cyLIGk0ahCOQs-774K7sQf9euQyGCSJLYZr6DkqsQ4G47ACFQaVcM5t/s1600/20190303_121930-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMVxu2vQFt8p3g4tBoJYxuMUYzp6_f8W-RvbeHguS0EjiVP6gCqeOo09N-4E4of5kmn4iXRpuXkMTtLTTIvsnW7cyLIGk0ahCOQs-774K7sQf9euQyGCSJLYZr6DkqsQ4G47ACFQaVcM5t/s320/20190303_121930-1.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Charles Cole's discharge authorised, with others</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><b>Charles Edward Cole</b> <b>b.1897 </b>same address </span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><b>Engineer. </b></span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"> <b>NCF.</b> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><b>Absolutist</b>, <b>Fugitive</b>.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">CM (Court Martial) Sheerness 9.7.18 - 18 months com. 1 yr., to Wormwood S.; </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">CM (Court Martial) Sheerness 3.1.19 - 2 yrs.HL (With hard labour); </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><b>Discharged 25.6.19</b></span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"> </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">"... approval of the discharge... of the men named... who have been convicted of offences against discipline which they pleaded were committed on the grounds of conscience."</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><b>Alfred </b></span><b style="background-color: white;">Rogers b.1892. </b></span><b>41 Pretoria Rd. </b><b style="color: #333333;">Gas fitter, Gas, Light & Coke Company</b><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Accepted WNI (Pelham) (Work of National Importance under the Pelham Committee) 22.5.16</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">5.6.16 Essex County Appeal Tribunal approve his work as WNI - to stay where he is.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><b>Frederick James </b></span></span><b style="color: #333333;">Rogers b.1886 </b><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">same address </span><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><b>Plumber's mate, sanitary work</b> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">WNI. </span>18.5.16 Referred to University College Hospital and engaged at 28/- per week. </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDN9-DQc7Wl1sH3VONv2eWyuueb6_skmd9qG660__fK73I-T7eTeX3CDYmkbbFViDq8SeQkecGFe5WyeLW7je9e7dApqWAwUDHQKMdJFytDyl_7OGKDwPAjTAjKZdEcFvd558NZocwWQmy/s1600/20190206_132730-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDN9-DQc7Wl1sH3VONv2eWyuueb6_skmd9qG660__fK73I-T7eTeX3CDYmkbbFViDq8SeQkecGFe5WyeLW7je9e7dApqWAwUDHQKMdJFytDyl_7OGKDwPAjTAjKZdEcFvd558NZocwWQmy/s200/20190206_132730-1.jpg" width="120" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">60, Maynard Road</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><b> Splett, Alfred Ernest</b> <b>b.1895. </b></span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">60 Maynard Rd. Clerk.</b> </span><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><b>FOR (</b>Fellowship of Reconciliation),<b> 'Quaker'. Absolutist</b> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> CM Edenbridge 18.12.16 - 9 months HL Wormwood S.; </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> CM Reading 4.5.17 - 112 days HL Wandsworth CP (Civil Prison).</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> CM Reading 11.8.17 - 2yrs.HL Wandsworth CP (</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> CM Reading 6.7.18 - 112 days HL and 15.10.18 - 1yr.HL </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Wandsworth CP </span></span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"> By Jan.1919 had served 3 sentences and two years. </span><br />
<b style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">8.4.19 released</b><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"> by order of Secretary of State</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">21.5.19 to Pentonville [?] </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">Post-war work in Germany with Friends' War Victims Relief Service, Nov.1919 to Aug.1920</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333; font-weight: bold;"> Arthur Edward</span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-weight: bold;"> Splett b.1900 </span><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;">same address</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"> CM Reading 6.7.18 - 112 days HL - Wormwood S. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">(same day and place as his older brother but sent to a different prison). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;">CM Reading 15.10.18 - 1yr.HL.</span><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><b>R</b></span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><b>eleased at 6.00 on 8.4.19</b> (two year rule).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;">Post-war (?) Friends' War Victims Relief Service, London office.</span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b style="color: #333333;">Wilhelm Emil Splett </b><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><b>b.1893</b> </span><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;">same address </span><b style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333;"> </b><b style="color: #333333;">Clerk.</b><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"> '</span><b style="color: #333333;">Quaker</b><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">'</span><b style="color: #333333;">. Absolutist</b><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">CM Edenbridge 20.12.16 - 9 months HL Wormwood S.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">CM Reading 4.5.17 - 112 days HL Wandsworth CP </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">CM (Reading 11.8.17 - 2yrs.HL Wandsworth CP</span></span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"> 14.8.17 - </span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">4.7.18 to <b>Dartmoor</b>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">'</span><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;">At some time he worked in Friends' War Victims Relief Service London office'</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><b>Splett brothers</b>: '<b>both </b></span><b style="color: #333333;">parents German'. </b></span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">Another with </span><b style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">German connections -</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><b>Harry George Hodson b.1883.</b> <b> 52, The Drive. </b></span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><b>Clerk,</b> Hodson & Co. <b>oil merchants.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">MST (Military Service Tribunal) Walthamstow. 18.8.16 appealed as a CO</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"> - <b>recommended for internment because of his family's German connections</b> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">Wife and mother both German; 'his uncle, Dr. Weigert, Imperial Public Prosecutor in Germany.'</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">Source: <span style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"><i>Essex Newsman</i> 19.8.16</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><i>Note</i>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internment_in_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War">Internment </a>- "</span>The British government was initially reluctant to impose widespread <b>internment in the United Kingdom during the First World War</b>, choosing instead to restrict the activities of nationals of enemy nations residing in the UK and interning only those suspected of being a threat to national security. Public anti-German sentiment peaked with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080;" title="Sinking of the RMS Lusitania">sinking of the RMS Lusitania</a> on 7 May 1915, and the subsequent rioting forced the government to implement a general program of internment."</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><b>Political/Non-religious</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><b>Arthur James Elsdon b,1895.</b> </span><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><b>35, Westbury Rd.</b> </span><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"> </span></span><b>Clerk/Civil Servant. </b><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"><b>BSP </b>(British Socialist Party) Walthamstow branch; '<b>Quaker</b>'; <b>NCF </b></span><b style="font-family: inherit;"> </b><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Absentee - <b>AWOL/Deserter</b>. <span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">Called up 12.6.16 Stratford East, London. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">Posted to NCC (Non-Combatant Corps) (4 Eastern); </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">CM Seaford 23.6.16 - 112 days HL Maidstone CP (Civil Prison)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">CM 2.4.18 Gravesend - 2yrs.HL com.1yr</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">18.4.18 Guard Room Milton Barracks, Gravesend. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;">Maidstone CP 27.6.16 to HOS (Home Office Scheme) </span></span><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"><b>Dyce </b>22.8.16</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9;">Transfer to Army Reserve Class W 23.9.16; Oct.1916 Dyce Camp (photo.80)</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">Maidstone CP (Civil Prison) 10.4.18 to 1.2.19.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b style="color: #333333;">Albert Isaac Field b.1893.</b> <b>28 St. Mary's [St. Mary] Rd. </b><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><b>NCF, '</b></span><b style="color: #333333;">Atheist'/'Agnostic'. </b><b>Absolutist</b> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">CM Winchester 14.4.17 - 2yrs.HL </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">Wormwood S. 26.4.17 to 29.8.17 to Wandsworth CP </span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">- 29.8.18, </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">6.1.19 discharged under 1913 <b>Illness Act </b>(as used against the Suffragettes)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">Returned 19.3.19, out again 21.3.19.</span><b style="color: #333333;">Hunger strike</b><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"> 4.9.18 to 7.9.18, force fed 3 times </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">By Jan.1919 had served 1 sentence and almost two years. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">Released April 1919 under two year rule.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><i>Note</i>: "</span><span style="color: #222222;">The </span><b style="color: #222222;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoners_(Temporary_Discharge_for_Ill_Health)_Act_1913">Prisoners (Temporary Discharge for Ill Health) Act</a>,</b><span style="color: #222222;"> commonly referred to as the </span><b style="color: #222222;">Cat and Mouse Act</b><span style="color: #222222;">, was an </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Parliament" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080;" title="Act of Parliament">Act of Parliament</a><span style="color: #222222;"> passed in </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080;" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a><span style="color: #222222;"> ...</span><span style="color: #222222;"> in 1913."</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><b>William Henry Fitzpatrick b.1891. </b></span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><b>40 Westbury Rd., Hoe St.</b>. </span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><b>Clerk - mercantile. </b> </span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><b>NCF </b>- </span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><u>Leyton Branch Secretary (1916)</u> </span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"> Motivation </span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">'<b>Moral </b>and religious' </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">WNI </span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"> </span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">10.5.16 to 11.9.18</span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"> </span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">Forestry and market garden work. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"><b>Illness </b>- Developed chronic pulmonary TB 1917, unable to work.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><b>Wi</b></span><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><b>lliam Ernest Jeanes b.1892. </b></span><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><b>19, Ritchings Avenue.</b></span><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"> <b>Railway Clerk. </b></span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><b>NCF,</b> <b>Atheist </b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">Refused to sign army papers. </span><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;">Central Tribunal at Wandsworth MP (Military Prison) 9.8.16</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"> - judged CO class B. 'unconvincing'.</span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; font-family: inherit;">NCC (Non-Combatant Corps) (4 Eastern) Stratford, London 9.6.16; </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; font-family: inherit;">CM Seaford 19.6.16 - 112 days HL Maidstone CP</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc;">25.9.16 returned to duty from prison and sent on furlough to return when ordered; Transfer to Army Reserve Class W.- </span></span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">HOS (The Home Office Scheme, administered by the Brace Committee) 23.2.17; 28.8.17 at <b>Dartmoor.</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"><i>Note</i>: Conscience without relogion was a concept seldom recognsied by the tribunals.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7OgygpSN_FimleSwWgj0OLEN9zANeVdlXH7Y6AV9DjcgyKS-lLmWRBmcKuznwIbFQ3y0QND1rxH_2m2mbdTmarfud98MVLhmFU-8Oe6NJjlE9R04d1rGs4Ub-RnqX_yyTa1pt1JWKnIXC/s1600/20190212_144651-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7OgygpSN_FimleSwWgj0OLEN9zANeVdlXH7Y6AV9DjcgyKS-lLmWRBmcKuznwIbFQ3y0QND1rxH_2m2mbdTmarfud98MVLhmFU-8Oe6NJjlE9R04d1rGs4Ub-RnqX_yyTa1pt1JWKnIXC/s200/20190212_144651-1.jpg" width="103" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">15 Stainforth Rd.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><b>Noel Miller</b> <b>b.1896.</b> </span><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><b>15, Stainforth Road.</b> </span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"> </span><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><b>BSP </b>(British Socialist Party); '<b>Religion</b>: <b>None',</b>; <b>NCF </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: inherit;">CM Fovant 17.6.16 - 112 days HL Winchester CP </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;">HOS </span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">Oct.1916 <b>Dyce </b>Camp (photo.77); 28.8.17 at <b>Dartmoor</b>. </span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><b>James Mylles b.1880. </b>From Brixton but<b> '</b></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc;">Discharge address,1919' </span><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc;"><b>46, Elmsdale Road, </b>Walthamstow</span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-weight: bold;">.</span></span><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"> ILP </b><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">(Independent Labour Party),</span><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"> </b><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><b>Quaker,</b> <b>Absolutist </b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">Absentee, </span><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;">Arrested 12.5.17, Camberwell Police Court 14.5.17</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"> - fined and handed over,</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">CM Hounslow 24.5.17 - 112 days HL, Wormwood S.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">CM Hounslow 6.9.17 - 2yrs. HL, to Pentonville CP.</span><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"> - to be released April 1919 under two year rule, <b>Discharged 24.4.19.</b></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><b>Henry George Phillips</b> <b>b.1895.</b> </span></span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><b>57, Woodlands Rd., Wood St. Cabinet maker. </b> </span><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><b>Trade unionist</b> - ASC&J; <b>NCF </b>(No-Conscription Fellowship); <b>Atheist</b>. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: inherit;">NCC (Non-Combatant Corps) (4 Eastern) Seaford </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9;">CM </span></span></span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">24.6.16 - 6 months com.to 112 days, Maidstone CP</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;">1.7.16 to HOS - <b>Dyce </b></span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">camp, Aberdeen </span><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;">23.8.16</span><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"> </span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">- returned to Maidstone 5.9.16 </span><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;">- re-committed.</span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">CM Coventry 10.11.16 - 112 days HL Wormwood S.; </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">CM <b>Dublin </b>28.2.17 - 2 years HL com.1 yr.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">CM (Dublin 10.1.18 - 2 years HL hard </span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">Walton CP, Liverpool, </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><b>Hunger strike</b> 26.7.18 to 4.8.18, force fed 22 times; </span></span><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;">Preston CP (</span><b style="color: #333333;">hunger strike</b><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"> 10.8.18. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">By Jan.1919 had served 4 sentences and more than two years.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><b>Illness </b>- released on health grounds</span><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><i>Note</i>: "</span></span><span style="color: #666666;">The <a href="https://menwhosaidno.org/context/context_ncc.html">Non-Combatant Corps</a> is one of the least-known parts of the Conscientious Objector story... Neither one thing nor the other, NCC men had to define their own labour and resistance according to their own moral compass. </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: inherit;">The NCC arose from the Military Service Act which, in [its] provision for Conscientious Objectors to be granted “Exemption from Combatant Service Only”, created a new type of soldier by the thousand - the official non-combatant."</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><b>Supporter</b></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Reginald William Sorenson, 1891-1971.</b> <span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;">The Pioneers' Hostel, 23, Highbury Place </span>Highbury <span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">NCF (No-Conscription Fellowship); <b>North London Herald League</b>; <b>ILP </b>(Independent Labour Party);</span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"> </span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><b>Minister of the Free Christian Church, Walthamstow</b> </span><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;">Labour Parliamentary Candidate, Southampton, 1923,1924, Elected, West Leyton, 1929. Writings in Liddle Sorenson CO/089 Typescript recollections; CO supporter and anti-war campaigner with NLHL. No evidence of his being called up and becoming a CO. Post-war: Labour MP West Leyton 1921-31, 1935-50, Leyton 1950-64; created life peer 1964. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"> </span><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #666666;">(The <a href="https://search.livesofthefirstworldwar.org/search/world-records/conscientious-objectors-register-1914-1918">database </a>includes supporters of COs as well as those granted or claiming that status.) </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; font-family: inherit;">"<a href="https://menwhosaidno.org/men/men_files/s/sorenson_reginald.html">Reginald Sorenson</a> was not a Conscientious Objector, as his work as a Minister of the Free Christian Church in Walthamstow granted him Absolute Exemption under the Military Service Act. Even though he was exempt, he still felt that Conscription was an injustice. Reginald became an active supporter and campaigner on behalf of Conscientious Objectors as part of the North London Herald League and the </span><a href="https://menwhosaidno.org/context/context_ilp.html" style="color: #ff6600; font-family: inherit;">Independent Labour Party</a><span style="color: #666666; font-family: inherit;">. As a prominent local pacifist who supported the work of the </span><a href="https://menwhosaidno.org/context/context_ncfIntro.html" style="color: #ff6600; font-family: inherit;">No-Conscription Fellowship</a><span style="color: #666666; font-family: inherit;"> he was often invited to speak at the Herald League's Anti-War meetings. After 1918 he would carry on his pacifism, working as both a peace campaigner and as an MP for seven full terms." </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><i>Note</i>: For the North London Herald League and more opposition to the war, see <i>'Don't Be a Soldier'</i> by Ken Weller (<a href="https://libcom.org/history/dont-be-soldier-radical-anti-war-movement-north-london-1914-1918-ken-weller">available online</a>). </span><b style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: x-small;">Don't be a Soldier! The Radical Anti-war Movement in North London, 1914-18, Journeyman Press/London History Workshop Centre, 1985. </span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Sent to <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-26190500">Dyce Camp</a> (as well as others listed above) - </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><b>George Edmund Oliphant b.1890. </b></span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><b>15, Ravenswood Rd. </b></span><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><b>Clerk/Warehouseman</b>. </span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><b>IBSA </b>(International Bible Students Association - Jehaovah's Witnesses) </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">NCC (Non-Combatant Corps) (4 Eastern) Seaford CM 16.6.16 - 98 days HL </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">Maidstone CP - </span></span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">20.6.16 to HOS, </span><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;">21.8.16 to </span><b style="color: #333333;">Dyce </b><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;">camp, Aberdeen </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;">13.11.16 been at Longsight, 'now at Warwick'; </span><b style="color: #333333;">Dartmoor </b><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;">August 1917</span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw6NLrv3UQ_gwfOWixIwLJoCvJnfW4CIGkDpm8njUF6BnvBIIGySTdpH3s60mXSVrVm9Z_Av43n80Ya0Hi3QNQGjY4CJIXar0akZrg7PCPptKoq4rI0gbvAwK2J7eFQF5SgFkGnOHJmbf1/s1600/20190211_115606-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw6NLrv3UQ_gwfOWixIwLJoCvJnfW4CIGkDpm8njUF6BnvBIIGySTdpH3s60mXSVrVm9Z_Av43n80Ya0Hi3QNQGjY4CJIXar0akZrg7PCPptKoq4rI0gbvAwK2J7eFQF5SgFkGnOHJmbf1/s200/20190211_115606-1.jpg" width="139" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">48 Grosvenor Park Rd.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: black;">John Augustus Pfeil b.1895. 48 Grosvenor Park Rd. Clerk. IBSA.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">NCC Warley barracks, to (4 Eastern) Seaford <i>and </i>(as for Oliphant)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">CM 16.6.16 - 6 months HL com.to 98 days HL </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;">Maidstone CP</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"> </span><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;">21.8.16 to <b>Dyce</b> camp, Aberdeen; </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">13.11.16 been at Longsight, now at Warwick; 28.8.17 at <b>Dartmoor</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: inherit;">(The surname suggests a possible German connection here too).</span></span></span></div>
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</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1zUrrtqDoPm_tKrBtMoTpoApZ-u5UNT3gGtk6zLlEXVBB5t2jtIjdln_ivG3dFoFXsFJy2Syy68VXklIxXRIwvVTvft4RRJJ7kB1VQH6PPsLsOVAsh7Vt-oppQ8M0L_jO1dZPqvsR0gAK/s1600/20190227_131704.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1zUrrtqDoPm_tKrBtMoTpoApZ-u5UNT3gGtk6zLlEXVBB5t2jtIjdln_ivG3dFoFXsFJy2Syy68VXklIxXRIwvVTvft4RRJJ7kB1VQH6PPsLsOVAsh7Vt-oppQ8M0L_jO1dZPqvsR0gAK/s200/20190227_131704.jpg" width="112" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; font-family: inherit;">Annie L Rollins</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; color: #222222; font-family: inherit;">CLEANER</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; font-family: inherit;">of PLASTIC</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; color: #222222; font-family: inherit;">FORKS </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">lived here </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">in 1979</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<i style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="clear: left; font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1zUrrtqDoPm_tKrBtMoTpoApZ-u5UNT3gGtk6zLlEXVBB5t2jtIjdln_ivG3dFoFXsFJy2Syy68VXklIxXRIwvVTvft4RRJJ7kB1VQH6PPsLsOVAsh7Vt-oppQ8M0L_jO1dZPqvsR0gAK/s1600/20190227_131704.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;">The house where Pfeil lived already has a blue plaque,</span></a></span></i><br />
<i style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="clear: left; font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1zUrrtqDoPm_tKrBtMoTpoApZ-u5UNT3gGtk6zLlEXVBB5t2jtIjdln_ivG3dFoFXsFJy2Syy68VXklIxXRIwvVTvft4RRJJ7kB1VQH6PPsLsOVAsh7Vt-oppQ8M0L_jO1dZPqvsR0gAK/s1600/20190227_131704.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;">of Walthamstow's speciality 'ordinary people' type,</span></a></span></i><br />
<i style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="clear: left; font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1zUrrtqDoPm_tKrBtMoTpoApZ-u5UNT3gGtk6zLlEXVBB5t2jtIjdln_ivG3dFoFXsFJy2Syy68VXklIxXRIwvVTvft4RRJJ7kB1VQH6PPsLsOVAsh7Vt-oppQ8M0L_jO1dZPqvsR0gAK/s1600/20190227_131704.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="clear: left; color: #222222; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;">on window first-floor right in pictures</span></a></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><b>Frank Pryer</b> <b>b.1893. 12 Downsfield Rd. </b></span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><b>Wesleyan; FOR - Dartmoor Branch; NCF</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">CM Fovant 27.6.16 - 6 months HL com to 112 days </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;">Winchester CP </span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">3.7.16 discharged 25.8.16</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;">HOS </span><b style="color: #333333;">Dyce </b><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;">camp, Aberdeen; Belmont Workhouse 27.1.17</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"><b>Dartmoor </b>1917; Brockenhurst 9.7.17; <b>Wakefield.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><b>Examples of WNI<i> </i></b></span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-style: italic;">(Work of National Importance)/ </span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><b>HOS </b></span><b style="color: #333333;">Alternative work</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><b>H G Gresham</b> <b> </b></span><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><b>Walthamstow </b></span><b style="color: #333333;">Shop Assistant </b><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">WNI 5.7.16 to 19.12.16 Farm and garden work at </span><b style="color: #333333;">Claybury Asylum</b><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">- dismissed when Asylum <b>decided not to employ COs</b> </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">Dairy farm work, Chigwell; Illness - classed 'CIII' (C3, i.e. far from A1 fitness in military terms).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">- offered light work in a Controlled Establishment</span> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">("<span style="color: #545454;">The Munitions of War Act was passed in 1915 and gave the newly created Ministry of Munitions power to declare factories </span><span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">controlled establishments.</span><span style="color: #545454;">.").</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Note: Unlike <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claybury_Hospital">Claybury</a>, several asylums did accept <a href="https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2015/10/an-ealings-conscientious-objectors-work.html">COs on WNI</a>; others had <a href="https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2019/01/no-doubt-they-are-being-looked-after-in.html">COs as patients</a>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><b>A G Hills</b> </span><b style="color: #333333;">Walthamstow </b><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><b>Stock-keeper, motor driver</b> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;">WNI 4.7.16 to 19.9.18 <b>City of London Asylum</b></span><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;">; </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;">(also with) Messrs Maw Son & Sons as engine driver, </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;">and mechanic at Messrs John Sutton, farmers.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Stafford William High</b> <b>b,1887. 45 Park Avenue </b> </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">CM Shoreham, Peas Pottage Camp 8.8.16 - 112days HL Lewes CP </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">HOS </span></span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">8.9.16 at Denton, Newhaven; 17.1.18 at Knutsford</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">Friends' War Victims Relief Service, London office </span> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><b>Arthur Frank Hodby b.1888. 57 Coleridge Rd. </b></span></span><b style="color: #333333;">Chief of Repairs Dept., Rotax Motor Co.</b><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">WNI </span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">19.5.16 to 16.1.17 Found work at British Dyes, July 1916, </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"> but unable to find lodgings; growing tomatoes in Chingford. </span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="background-color: white; float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdNFRZPL9N4WOz76J_blu9HP2LGKkSuXuBbaxMJNctPyp_PJPYolkB74kYqvSwFMdRN_L82qFelcpZpVXsantzuC7F90icB2OLWLwtejpnU9E-i5OUIeocFfzw6AjPzjYFClvLWpLvwijZ/s1600/20190212_160006-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdNFRZPL9N4WOz76J_blu9HP2LGKkSuXuBbaxMJNctPyp_PJPYolkB74kYqvSwFMdRN_L82qFelcpZpVXsantzuC7F90icB2OLWLwtejpnU9E-i5OUIeocFfzw6AjPzjYFClvLWpLvwijZ/s200/20190212_160006-1.jpg" width="115" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">116 Beulah Rd.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><b>Bertram T Philpott b.1893. </b></span><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><b>116 Beulah Rd. </b></span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><b>Civil service clerk (2nd div.) GPO</b></span><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">WNI 31.7.16 to 11.9.18 Farm work, Spalding, Lincolnshire.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">From Jan.1917 tomato growing at Loughton, Essex; </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;">5.9.18 </span><b style="color: #333333;">left</b><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"> without permission and ordered back. </span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSaj1g4zafWPLIA564eaUSdLPeQKYe0jmn_GvkbZsDRU-4krmAzsD-GRpJExJZvVsp5nHjlcPXGC6SpCW9rxM2mCN9tBhe3szrxX_1EHTrzoL_io-WX3i0VpYzD5wDeJ0HvQRtuKaQRM3u/s1600/20190212_160252-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSaj1g4zafWPLIA564eaUSdLPeQKYe0jmn_GvkbZsDRU-4krmAzsD-GRpJExJZvVsp5nHjlcPXGC6SpCW9rxM2mCN9tBhe3szrxX_1EHTrzoL_io-WX3i0VpYzD5wDeJ0HvQRtuKaQRM3u/s200/20190212_160252-1.jpg" width="132" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">49 Beulah Rd.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Percy </b></span><b>John L Rolph</b> <b style="font-family: inherit;">b.1888. </b><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"><b>49, Beulah Rd.</b> ('probable family address') </span><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"><b>Chief audit clerk, wholesale meat/fish merchants </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;">WNI </span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">18.1.17 to 13.3.17 Employers argue that he is an </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">indispensable worker - to stay where he is. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><b>Alfred George R Serpell b.1887.</b> </span><b><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;">37 Selborne Rd.</span><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"> </span></b><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"><b>Photographer, family business</b> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;">WNI </span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">17.5.16 to 20.9.16 Farm work in Devon, at Ilfracombe, then Cullompton; later at Stanford le Hope.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #222222;"><b>Horace Walter </b></span></span><b style="color: #222222;">Lerpiniere </b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #222222;"><b>b.1891. </b></span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: inherit;"><b>69, Greenleaf Rd.</b></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Ophthalmic optician</b>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-3ef67fc0-7fff-6085-f13a-bea1c393a66c" style="color: #333333;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">WNI (Pelham) 8.5.16 to 17.10.18 Forestry work near Exeter; In poor health.</span></span><br style="color: #333333;" /><span style="color: #333333; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Labouring work with Messrs Cadburys from Sept.1917. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Illness - nervous breakdown.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>Note</i>: Questions were asked in Parliament about the apparently punitive use of 'alternative work' schemes, with professionally qualified COs </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; white-space: pre-wrap;">often </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;">being assigned to manual labour.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Another <a href="https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2015/01/a-clear-sighted-optician-war-neither.html">optician, from Ealing</a>, was assigned to the NCC (see above) and set to loading ammunition before being sent to a work camp. His protests about this, in his own words, can be read in the records of the <a href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/middlesex-military-service-appeal-tribunal-1916-1918/">Middlesex Appeals Tribunal</a>. Unfortunately for researchers, the County Appeal Tribunal for Walthamstow seems to have been Essex, so that the files were destroyed (like almost all others apart from Middlesex and some in Scotland).</span></div>
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<b style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">And finally, a short military career -</span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"><b>Stanley Thomas Smith b.1888.</b> <b>37 West End Ave. Leyton </b> </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">Court Martial Portsmouth 28.6.16 - 2 yrs.HL com.to 22 month </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc;">Winchester CP (Civil Prison) 16.8.16 transfer to </span></span><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;">Sussex </span><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">from Portsmouth</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;">Discharged 6.9.16 - </span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">HOS </span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;">20.10.16 </span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333;"><b>Denton</b>, Newhaven. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>Note</i>: Work campsi in Sussex are recalled in a 13-minute <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02pb27f">BBC clip</a>.</span></div>
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SmothPubshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13111109728985633135noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8785092262719769427.post-72472418925814328672019-02-24T04:59:00.000-08:002019-02-24T05:01:51.223-08:00Diagnosing Dissenters: More case-notes for the 'insane' First World War COs<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">From WO363 files, the '<a href="http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C14567">Burnt Documents</a>' </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1, <b>Alexander Robert Cook, 1877-1919, a schoolteacher from Shetland. </b></span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Service no. 3776 </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></b>
<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">What was said - </span></i><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAOUvCs9OgjO8ZQYrXywIxtkznKCixrhhIhlgkh3U0XxU9t1aGUNRWWqfi-7-273RckORBeo5SpI5xL7nzbf_hvP4i8189OI03GJgakJZRBnHHGPfoqcBMnUBX6zGdpYoGsPgDe0H5Az1v/s1600/20190217_211307-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAOUvCs9OgjO8ZQYrXywIxtkznKCixrhhIhlgkh3U0XxU9t1aGUNRWWqfi-7-273RckORBeo5SpI5xL7nzbf_hvP4i8189OI03GJgakJZRBnHHGPfoqcBMnUBX6zGdpYoGsPgDe0H5Az1v/s400/20190217_211307-1.jpg" width="400" /></span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Lt. Col. RAMC Officer in Charge:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"... has suffered from hallucinations of hearing, [and] his judgment is most greatly impaired. He is [quite] incapable of understanding his position, and [has] an abnormally high opinion of his own knowledge [and] capacity. He is quite unfit for military service [of] any kind."</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">[Tran]sferred to Dykebar War Hospital, Paisley. [6-3-19]</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Hospital [signature unclear]:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"[Initially?] he showed mental instability poor reasoning & judgment & rambling conversation. During past [?] days not so well as usual..."</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">{Brief medical details - ref. to 'pyelitis', a kidney infection, and '</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Health [originally] good but slight physical training required' - </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">elsewhere on file.]</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"Died rather suddenly 13-6-19</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">."</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2. <b>Richard Elsworth, 1889-1956, a Baker and Weaver from Barnoldswick.</b></span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Service no. 1435</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">From Army record -</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghA7WFQ1zut2iqARguzadzbnoS0GQ8Su1ayhPfYA37rZLGMakh3eFdTR6PHJtdFXvsGo6rKVjGZX5QU8VuiGJEIz_MRPiuaWl8ySBun0IfkC-4uR-oPpo_HCzWJbTPcHK2T0WgfZ8F3QqI/s1600/20190219_113821-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghA7WFQ1zut2iqARguzadzbnoS0GQ8Su1ayhPfYA37rZLGMakh3eFdTR6PHJtdFXvsGo6rKVjGZX5QU8VuiGJEIz_MRPiuaWl8ySBun0IfkC-4uR-oPpo_HCzWJbTPcHK2T0WgfZ8F3QqI/s400/20190219_113821-1.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Court Martial, Prison, "Certified insane", Asylum, Discharged "no longer fit"</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">'Sectioned' -</span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCnJqKYfXhwOHqUFZzsbFvRjSqpAK8sMSyRD_RP-h0W7kYxvAlNNEm0oKRYzXE4BNkyId7OnFVBhdGz6j57604vs4kmVx8XMfWbHW4_fhuHD2BLczM2PdLMaUiTiezaqsVhq18iFkxjX1G/s1600/20190219_114047-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" height="373" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCnJqKYfXhwOHqUFZzsbFvRjSqpAK8sMSyRD_RP-h0W7kYxvAlNNEm0oKRYzXE4BNkyId7OnFVBhdGz6j57604vs4kmVx8XMfWbHW4_fhuHD2BLczM2PdLMaUiTiezaqsVhq18iFkxjX1G/s400/20190219_114047-1.jpg" width="400" /></span></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"... to the County Asylum at Leicester under Section 2 of the Criminal Lunatics Acts 1884..."</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"A representation from his mother is enclosed" -</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> (no copy surviving on the file).</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">A note from the Medical Superintendent of Leicester Asylum</span></td></tr>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">"He is not dangerous to the public, but he is quiet and well behaved, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">and has been under our care." </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1nPkICRoJiUQyv5Ey5wbZnXVJQRruFrGfZUNVTMOKzD2JBVVSNbYymRPpkUzgnJLTPbCln7MurFBU53jcHoVsfwkrhW-arPGI-MIfimPuIZsdbCeRG17_siVIa9s0wMVEisL6HBQWhzpv/s1600/20190219_114946-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1nPkICRoJiUQyv5Ey5wbZnXVJQRruFrGfZUNVTMOKzD2JBVVSNbYymRPpkUzgnJLTPbCln7MurFBU53jcHoVsfwkrhW-arPGI-MIfimPuIZsdbCeRG17_siVIa9s0wMVEisL6HBQWhzpv/s400/20190219_114946-1.jpg" width="326" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">Home Office to War Office:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">"... I am to say that if the sentence passed by Court Martial in this case has been remitted and the man has consequently ceased to be a Criminal Lunatic, his subsequent detention in the Asylum would be illegal and might place the Superintendent in a difficult position. The matter is one of extrem</span><span style="color: #333333; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">e urgency..." </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="color: #333333; white-space: pre-wrap;">Such (ex-)prisoners could only </span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">be </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">discharged from an asylum 'by order of the Secretary of State'. Sin</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">ce this happened in several cases, they presumably </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">ceased to be 'lunatic' when they ceased </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">to be 'criminal'.</span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i style="color: black; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 400;">And in another <a href="http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C14568">file series</a> -</i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline;">WO364 Proceedings on discharge </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline;">(10pp.)</span></span></span><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">NCC. Military character: Not assessed, no information.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Delusional insanity: Constitutional.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Casualty form – Active Service on file.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-5ba19587-7fff-b26c-7e60-ce41728088dc" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">"When in Leicester prison, he says on one occasion in his cell soot came through grate covering floor of room, thought he was gassed and still thinks so – on other occasions he felt he had some message to deliver & began to harangue an imaginary audience – on 17</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 6.6pt; vertical-align: super;">th</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> May was shouting & violently excited singing & praying …. 23/5 since, has been wildly excited & incoherent – now talks volubly & considers he has a message to deliver. Still thinks he was gassed… " - Medical Board.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">3. Bertie French, born 1897, an Upholsterer from Haverhill in Suffolk</span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Service No. 2696 </span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">A letter from Albert C. French </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">re. Bertie's exemption from combatant service (ECS)</span></td></tr>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">*I hope there will be no Illtreatment as he is a Genuine lad."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="color: #333333; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="color: #333333; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">"Transferred to Parkside Asylum, Macclesfield, as incapable of managing his own affairs."</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; white-space: pre-wrap;">(No details of his mental condition are to be found on the file.)</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">4. Aneurin Morgan, born 1893, a Hosier & Draper from Port Talbot</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Service No. 35941 </span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizBkN2Hh-5JCPOOpmp6YPYulGBboJv8ThzXIhOh22DWE_uYgVWse4j1DpihkCjxGIia-yHnXVGIC6uM0eBcB_xeO_RMkzHTBGEAloXaIb_GJ-0hk2WHyXEAsjCpKc814AVKViAoLadL5XC/s1600/20190219_104844-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizBkN2Hh-5JCPOOpmp6YPYulGBboJv8ThzXIhOh22DWE_uYgVWse4j1DpihkCjxGIia-yHnXVGIC6uM0eBcB_xeO_RMkzHTBGEAloXaIb_GJ-0hk2WHyXEAsjCpKc814AVKViAoLadL5XC/s400/20190219_104844-1.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Court Martial, Prison, Certified, Discharged</span></td></tr>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">"Certified insane whilst undergoing sentence of imprisonment at H. M. Prison Liverpool & removed to Rainhill Asylum." </span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">5. </span><span style="color: #333333; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Frank Piper, born 1884, a Carpenter and Wheelwright from St.Agnes, Cornwall</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Service No. 4054 </span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCL-LXj8foqu3By2ATLsctmDm55BF-El8uVmOrMVfheLJr6YnLF4xUzbXx8DasIBGfIbbAtLmwggtrB_XK3Yb0TwakBZwUwuCkhVgKVD4Jfm_nLWAGeME9vkUPWyXyiv8eQ7ITcmDnn7a6/s1600/20190219_193521-1-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCL-LXj8foqu3By2ATLsctmDm55BF-El8uVmOrMVfheLJr6YnLF4xUzbXx8DasIBGfIbbAtLmwggtrB_XK3Yb0TwakBZwUwuCkhVgKVD4Jfm_nLWAGeME9vkUPWyXyiv8eQ7ITcmDnn7a6/s400/20190219_193521-1-1.jpg" width="360" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Disclaimer: Discharged physically unfit - </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Disability not to be taken into account for army pension</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">"Originated July 1917 at Wormwood Scrubs Prison. Not result of and not aggravated by service. Minimum duration 3 mths. Totally prevents [</span><span style="color: #333333; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">military </span><span style="color: #333333; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">service] for three months." </span></span><br />
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</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhplJO8cyPmoqnSYT7wUy0aX3lfLcZ9vHFVY0Af3LJuP-PCrEdEqeJAVA9GyiC6hy-ihcOvRiuyrg13PhjTB42NDVO4WT88JjHXBMXVyBszfHzKxE05ph7sdJ_pRxTzkhhXqfMo8IQ8jT7O/s1600/20190219_193741-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhplJO8cyPmoqnSYT7wUy0aX3lfLcZ9vHFVY0Af3LJuP-PCrEdEqeJAVA9GyiC6hy-ihcOvRiuyrg13PhjTB42NDVO4WT88JjHXBMXVyBszfHzKxE05ph7sdJ_pRxTzkhhXqfMo8IQ8jT7O/s400/20190219_193741-1.jpg" width="400" /></span></a><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">Disability: Auditory Hallucinations & Mania</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">Statement of Case - </span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">"States that while in Prison, he felt the unnatural discipline, & he felt nervous. </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">He says that he was put to work at his own work in prison, but that he was quite unable to do it. He then began to hear peculiar, terrifying voices which he says came from home." </span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9lZppRv_aKslhebFgVPWRVI8KO9PWckW0msGqbq9JjqTFGsrVUh5X66GLl1D08DM33woR9Lu2FJVNgQ7u4aoTJYbLyZ9cYW-82c5kZivXJ7LKBMSzpq-kOxmMLbEcdqxGcXTpehUdKD-V/s1600/20190219_194033-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9lZppRv_aKslhebFgVPWRVI8KO9PWckW0msGqbq9JjqTFGsrVUh5X66GLl1D08DM33woR9Lu2FJVNgQ7u4aoTJYbLyZ9cYW-82c5kZivXJ7LKBMSzpq-kOxmMLbEcdqxGcXTpehUdKD-V/s400/20190219_194033-1.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">A hopeful prognosis</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">"He is showing signs of improvement. He now states that the voices & sounds from home were imagination, He is however somewhat indifferent to his surroundings.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Medical Superintendent states that in his opinion, the man will soon make an excellent recovery."</span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">On an optimistic assessment, Frank may just possibly have been lucky enough to hit or chance upon a comparatively painless way of combining principles with survival, and have found some sympathisers in the medical profession.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">6. George Hegarty Ramsay, born 1890, an Artist from Chelsea</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Service No. 1236 </span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Medical History </b></span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjusjBKO0SWEyWWC0OexoQTB_zCivNm8VmLjMZaqzbPmumeHfO4H4ZRI5FefVedRjXQsNqdykzQA_oEKeUf1A8IWNF3p2Kf_m6s4CHjcwJmCbSAYNKwjffwfdXKD3_8jPTIYo4m8EY9E5gV/s1600/20190220_181325-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjusjBKO0SWEyWWC0OexoQTB_zCivNm8VmLjMZaqzbPmumeHfO4H4ZRI5FefVedRjXQsNqdykzQA_oEKeUf1A8IWNF3p2Kf_m6s4CHjcwJmCbSAYNKwjffwfdXKD3_8jPTIYo4m8EY9E5gV/s400/20190220_181325-1.jpg" width="271" /></span></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv348MpAhGYQGQUgRSO3iROgSpT00JArzdV0kXVpeCIHggQwbhy5ps4roNdSkM1sByWJyzKxwIW9_iYV7jNQKYztgUahPvaT6QQ7te6OwObjDFXoQ1ySiyQVMA4m5USiibn0J83sCvPAL-/s1600/20190220_172040-1+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv348MpAhGYQGQUgRSO3iROgSpT00JArzdV0kXVpeCIHggQwbhy5ps4roNdSkM1sByWJyzKxwIW9_iYV7jNQKYztgUahPvaT6QQ7te6OwObjDFXoQ1ySiyQVMA4m5USiibn0J83sCvPAL-/s400/20190220_172040-1+%25281%2529.jpg" width="342" /></span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b></b></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Physically unfit. Delusional Insanity.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Origin unknown.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #333333; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b> Not caused not aggrav. by service. </b></span><b style="color: #333333; white-space: pre-wrap;">Permanent Not lessened.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Eligible for gratuity under RW1917</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">[<span style="color: #333333; white-space: pre-wrap;">Whatever it is it's not our fault.]</span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWACP9p_kjefYs4PrTaGrOSJoh-M17p8nnEECXHj6DbQ_5UA1SuRchMG-p87wSoUinwDQqUFzq7jBx2EwIjDf1i8_r_QivAHxLJSNP9TqEdpi7xOtEkQI8y2oNa1uw-f-FYeuT_qrQLqLi/s1600/20190220_173026-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWACP9p_kjefYs4PrTaGrOSJoh-M17p8nnEECXHj6DbQ_5UA1SuRchMG-p87wSoUinwDQqUFzq7jBx2EwIjDf1i8_r_QivAHxLJSNP9TqEdpi7xOtEkQI8y2oNa1uw-f-FYeuT_qrQLqLi/s320/20190220_173026-2.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Appeared before Standby Medical Board</span></td></tr>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">... & found permanently unfit for all military service.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">[Some kind of a result]</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhra-s5zBG_NauMo_TEHqPrszhWXejAP0CXLZCXYctsFc03n8KjHjnH9qWOg3bnkVDrjnOsNHKLGztqSLF2Fohf2mTwduIkSPwhP6S6emcalgrYMncFj2TEeI700PFfTcCqHoTSo-YBsM7a/s1600/20190220_172710-1-1+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" height="93" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhra-s5zBG_NauMo_TEHqPrszhWXejAP0CXLZCXYctsFc03n8KjHjnH9qWOg3bnkVDrjnOsNHKLGztqSLF2Fohf2mTwduIkSPwhP6S6emcalgrYMncFj2TEeI700PFfTcCqHoTSo-YBsM7a/s320/20190220_172710-1-1+%25281%2529.jpg" width="320" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"This man suffers from religious mania in an acute degree. Revommended for discharge as permanently unfit."</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP2FLCEoXqeRNmJd4ju-b3bH4ab8pwYT4O8hg_8v0jaF9c7h1jm_6eXTLLqIvy1O8HEue5n7STk1vkA7Ljay4JtQgRLyEZ0BdFjbVDjmqCMRKNLjwnWE59Nob43FSrbumMn6flxBwsz40B/s1600/20190220_173801-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" height="201" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP2FLCEoXqeRNmJd4ju-b3bH4ab8pwYT4O8hg_8v0jaF9c7h1jm_6eXTLLqIvy1O8HEue5n7STk1vkA7Ljay4JtQgRLyEZ0BdFjbVDjmqCMRKNLjwnWE59Nob43FSrbumMn6flxBwsz40B/s320/20190220_173801-1.jpg" width="320" /></span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>"Prays. Refuses to reply to questions, Deluded that he is an ambassador of Christ."</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">He also declined to undergo tests including vision: "States he can read perfectly well but refuses to read the test letters."</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">George Hegarty Ramsay is remembered </span><a href="https://www.menwhosaidno.org/men/men_files/r/ramsey_george.html" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">elsewhere </a><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">as one of the 'Men Who Said </span><i style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">No</i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">7. </span><b style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Herbert Alfred Shorley, born 1878, a Bricklayer from Kettering</b></span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Service No.39943 </span></b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOfjEPMJQK36h-MIEbhGHllKvDqhOC7MhkfcVdlZSWospkToEmcpSPq2SFprIkbuu_G73t6zqr6uqbZApc14EVekP7WqFtgbPg3EFT_joRG5xKQw6klVQvOMh7AP1ui538R1B4FzUvObkh/s1600/20190220_185217-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOfjEPMJQK36h-MIEbhGHllKvDqhOC7MhkfcVdlZSWospkToEmcpSPq2SFprIkbuu_G73t6zqr6uqbZApc14EVekP7WqFtgbPg3EFT_joRG5xKQw6klVQvOMh7AP1ui538R1B4FzUvObkh/s320/20190220_185217-1.jpg" width="233" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0I7Ufa9mnMdEzEGMB1C0qFY1Cdukz7IJQWVmDSjJhovpPFRNnHFVpXXSMVjmUPay0Q3ALOt2nD4bbrLvKz9ClfM3etO3a77h8vM-4NqNdtGFblFhwbzeocm7ySk0zkOYxU4Bf1fo59K5D/s1600/20190220_195747-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0I7Ufa9mnMdEzEGMB1C0qFY1Cdukz7IJQWVmDSjJhovpPFRNnHFVpXXSMVjmUPay0Q3ALOt2nD4bbrLvKz9ClfM3etO3a77h8vM-4NqNdtGFblFhwbzeocm7ySk0zkOYxU4Bf1fo59K5D/s320/20190220_195747-1.jpg" width="248" /></span></a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg391wmRqFeQmVgewJwX4JU_iGJPYSPdJZfxhM-3THY-AyyIPvQt01O0hA2og50k3bsBGixj2vxA77aL1rDlO5_-d8NP7dzS1PwVUKB2M02r58lEr-VLLBjLorn_KqFHzQcGmSypp0FnDfW/s1600/20190220_185446-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg391wmRqFeQmVgewJwX4JU_iGJPYSPdJZfxhM-3THY-AyyIPvQt01O0hA2og50k3bsBGixj2vxA77aL1rDlO5_-d8NP7dzS1PwVUKB2M02r58lEr-VLLBjLorn_KqFHzQcGmSypp0FnDfW/s400/20190220_185446-1.jpg" width="400" /></span></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">There is plenty relating to charges (of disobedience and non-cooperation) on the file, but a distinct lack of medical detail.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>"Insane. Address West Riding Asylum Wakefield.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Chaacter Bad."</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Many other bad characters - in the view of the authorities - were to be found in Wakefield, location of one of the more notorious Work Centres for COs. It will be noted that more than one man was transferred from there to the local asylum.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Expanded view of form (on right above), in two overlapping sections.</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><br /></b>
<b><br /></b>
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<b>West Riding Asylum, Wakefield</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"No record - refused to be medically examined."</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Discharged in consequence of</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">his having been found unfit for further Military Service...</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">8. <b>Alfred Ernest Statton, born 1890, Sewing machinist and Woodworker from Cardiff</b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Service No. 62600 </span></b></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoI3XkiMSgJp_8UogYQ_WumMCwMQ5B-ooNYoz-DuHosnXha3oHG-TXOFVvCDCqcLM4bklxB1NdwZSbRphWL8sTOxqmDTBzAB3XlmbeRkKAT6pf4j-UL2kfVU_5sjW1o7n-vkwqgTJqgJYH/s1600/20190220_215346-1-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoI3XkiMSgJp_8UogYQ_WumMCwMQ5B-ooNYoz-DuHosnXha3oHG-TXOFVvCDCqcLM4bklxB1NdwZSbRphWL8sTOxqmDTBzAB3XlmbeRkKAT6pf4j-UL2kfVU_5sjW1o7n-vkwqgTJqgJYH/s400/20190220_215346-1-1.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Statement of Case</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Disability: From birth - gradually becoming worse</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"A man of limited intelligence from birth. Was admitted to West Riding ASylun Wakefield on March 29th 1917 under certificates, but duration of attack is from March 12th 1917. Not epileptic and not suicidal but has threatened to be dangerous to others."</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUI-vEMZFf6M1yCKHuC4ikvf0bpxZZ3ogSq4Xwv2JySuIdnUKIrk-iGWF7ZHdk2X1j2KArBtu8aTXRzf6p6vVRTkgqriRGQmFjIwMPbAywmWt8wtSH1pClsUbQx5BqeSpUE0-Kp9u2FqLE/s1600/20190220_215639-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" height="330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUI-vEMZFf6M1yCKHuC4ikvf0bpxZZ3ogSq4Xwv2JySuIdnUKIrk-iGWF7ZHdk2X1j2KArBtu8aTXRzf6p6vVRTkgqriRGQmFjIwMPbAywmWt8wtSH1pClsUbQx5BqeSpUE0-Kp9u2FqLE/s400/20190220_215639-1.jpg" width="400" /></span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>"Initially imbecile & now becoming demented."</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>"Origin from birth - gradually becoming worse.Not result of nor aggravated by military service. Permanent. Prevents 10/10."</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The impression given by the file does not quite match Statton's record as a CO, which indicates he was affiliated to the NCF (No-Conscription Fellowship), underwent Court Martial implying he was fit to be held responsible and sentenced, and presented a sufficiently convincing case to be judged Class A, Genuine, by the Central Tribunal (CT). The CT did not hesitate to decree that several other COS should be certified insane, but Statton was among those directed to the Home Office Scheme for alternative employment. It took Wakwfield to send him to the Asylum.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">He was married with a child and had apparently functioned as a sewing machine operator and woodworker. Sadly, he never returned to his former life: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"<b style="color: #333333; white-space: pre-wrap;">Died </b><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #333333; white-space: pre-wrap;">after arrest but not in prison, Hereford County Asylum 1919"</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">He is remembered as having been mentally competent enought to say 'No.' - </span></div>
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<a href="https://menwhosaidno.org/context/context_died_names.html"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">https://menwhosaidno.org/context/context_died_names.html</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">9. </span><b style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> John Styche, born 1890, a Farm Labourer from Erdington, Birmingham</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Service No.123239</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Unusually for this group of COs, John Styche was sent to France, after the customary court martial and prison sentence, as a Driver with the Royal Horse & Field Artillery. Predictably, but to the evident incomprehension of the authorities, he did not take to the role and was not afraid to say so.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">His file includes an unusual amount of information about what his mental condition waa said to be.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><u>WO363 Record of Service 40 (Training) + 85 (RFA)</u><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> <i> (</i></span><i><s>Edward</s><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> -
> John on one page)</span></i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Notes include:</i></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Apr. 1917 Disobeying an order, making an improper reply to NCO (quoted). Impulsive insanity.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Not allowed to hold Medical Boards at the front – field ambulance under escort.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 15.6933px;">Congenital mental deficiency, not responsible for actions. – Board 25-6-17.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Wimereux 26-6-17. This man will be released from arrest without prejudice, and transferred to England. as “insane”. Transferred 16-7-17.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Congenital mental deficiency: incapable of realising what soldiering
means, and that an order has to be obeyed. Is and will be of no use. Cannot
ride and is incapable of grooming a horse. No amount of punishment would have
any effect on him.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Feeblemindedness.</span></li>
</ul>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7EIaY4d63eKbbHlvEfCb9PLm8dvvM0oXgjnvhd_Y2iaoO1HsV9YZG8vsC4LrMd2tJMVKdpwFIHJqTI4P-nJTaqIoQMxcQLYsApe4ZP7sPFFL2zj3TiLO83WGmBMkpJiidB1hkHRooaBJQ/s1600/Styche+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1441" data-original-width="1574" height="365" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7EIaY4d63eKbbHlvEfCb9PLm8dvvM0oXgjnvhd_Y2iaoO1HsV9YZG8vsC4LrMd2tJMVKdpwFIHJqTI4P-nJTaqIoQMxcQLYsApe4ZP7sPFFL2zj3TiLO83WGmBMkpJiidB1hkHRooaBJQ/s400/Styche+1.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Awaiting trial for disobedience and making an improper reply to an NCO:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Recommended for transfer to England</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"This man will be released from arrest without prejudice, and transferred to England as "Insane". </span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPgZKfxwexaYC13cMixXQV74o3c51d4zkX882gvnNwgm_0dYvpOsxfHG8WQS0buLknNpyzgNFe2C18Xu19l7i6OSdYFOJWz49m1e5hF2-Jzi5wOWN4DUFs8kvNeQ0PldLJ78kzuG9lJ0EE/s1600/Styche+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1591" data-original-width="1440" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPgZKfxwexaYC13cMixXQV74o3c51d4zkX882gvnNwgm_0dYvpOsxfHG8WQS0buLknNpyzgNFe2C18Xu19l7i6OSdYFOJWz49m1e5hF2-Jzi5wOWN4DUFs8kvNeQ0PldLJ78kzuG9lJ0EE/s320/Styche+2.jpg" width="288" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">The charges: I. disobeying an order. II making an improper reply to an NCO</span></td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2zKTZ-SKkEjHERtvTxIkgUZDnpmBaqHRZp9c_-OSkuYA4_Y_-JjM5vNmcZhbz099V-eViIPqX5nJJuf_X5zBHM3D6OXW9mzWOFh5ws3WWCWQ3-IzspNGpHtySRPyZr18rfK62njMois20/s1600/Styche+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1045" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2zKTZ-SKkEjHERtvTxIkgUZDnpmBaqHRZp9c_-OSkuYA4_Y_-JjM5vNmcZhbz099V-eViIPqX5nJJuf_X5zBHM3D6OXW9mzWOFh5ws3WWCWQ3-IzspNGpHtySRPyZr18rfK62njMois20/s320/Styche+3.jpg" width="208" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><u>Previous History</u> "... Never been in an asylum.No convictions in civil life... No history of insanity in family." </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><u>Probable Cause</u>: Unknown.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><u>Condition since admission</u>. Patient is restless, childish, and quite irresponsible in his conduct, he dances about, waving his hands about,shouts and sings like a small happy child. When spoken to he seems quite delighted, laughs, fidgets about, and seems to lose control of himself, his face trembles and he becomes quite excited. His conversation is rambling, he becomes excited and confused. His reasoning power is very poor; says he came in last Friday - that he has been here a fortnight; and cannot see that he is making a foolilsh remark. Has marked stigmata of degeneration.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><u>Measure of responsibility.</u> In my opinionpatientisnot responsibleforhis actions,he is an imbecile.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><u>Fitness for Trial</u>. No.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> <u>for future Military Service</u>. No.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Patient is insane.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMmumZp-r1otgobxdoh_Sk1BoAlaVEhpjT-NvO3qEqHq98Put1u0Yzz6TFaTTs-XayCjXWZDvKzV-zh0a5nlTYiViyUT1p_yUDBo-nBFNXad40tKEarPOxGjPii0F5YQU9IKdjikF8-qTH/s1600/Styche+5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1366" data-original-width="1440" height="378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMmumZp-r1otgobxdoh_Sk1BoAlaVEhpjT-NvO3qEqHq98Put1u0Yzz6TFaTTs-XayCjXWZDvKzV-zh0a5nlTYiViyUT1p_yUDBo-nBFNXad40tKEarPOxGjPii0F5YQU9IKdjikF8-qTH/s400/Styche+5.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Recommendation</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> "Dr. (Driver) J. Styche appears to be mentally deficinet. He is [not], and never will be, of any use as a soldier - he cannot ride, and is incapable of grooming a horse. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> "I am quite sure that no amount of punishment would have any effect on him. He is absolutely incapable of realising what sold[i]ering means, and that an order has to be obeyed.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> "I would recommend that if it is possible he should be discharged from the Service."</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiubewC-1jlBRrX3jBhny_RijzTlJ4wrxrRujn2w7uUtXjrRouTk0-kfBk_4_9ozu5zL6bX4MVpzHFZZz16c81SjMQ66RF1dyBRxieOsn-Bdi2z37Vg7fuZYJdlLVp104dh1R8x7sv5_zMf/s1600/Styche+6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1346" data-original-width="1440" height="372" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiubewC-1jlBRrX3jBhny_RijzTlJ4wrxrRujn2w7uUtXjrRouTk0-kfBk_4_9ozu5zL6bX4MVpzHFZZz16c81SjMQ66RF1dyBRxieOsn-Bdi2z37Vg7fuZYJdlLVp104dh1R8x7sv5_zMf/s400/Styche+6.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Witness Statements including that remark</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">[1st Witness] </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">'and noticed the accused playing the fool. I went up to him, and ordered him to mark time. He did not do so. I repeated the order, and still he did not move. I again gave him this order and he said "They are f---ing me about, so I wil f--- them about.", and started throwing his arms about.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">I placed him in the guard room.' - Sergeant.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2nd Witness. 'On the morning of the 23rd inst. I was on marching drill with the accused, under Rdr.(Rider) Growling. The accused started to play the fool. Sgt. Thompson came up and ordered the accused to mark time. Accused did not do so. Sgt. Thompson repeated the order. Accused did not move. Accused eventually said - "If they f--- me about, I wil f--- them about." or words to that effect.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">He was put in the guard room.'</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">3rd Witness. 'On the morning of the 23rd inst. I was in charge of a party on marching drill. Accused was one of the party, and commenced to behave with considerable levity. Sgt. Thompson was on the parade ground and I spoke to him about the accused. Sgt. Thompson then went up to the party. I was some way behind and did not hear what was said. Sgt. Thompson then ordered me to place the accused in the guard room. I did so.'</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">-------------------</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Readers may differ as to whether John Stryche's remark indicates 'imbecility', and whether his subsequent reported behaviour suggests feeblemindedness.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>In the other cases, too, there are various ways of looking at and interpreting the information available. Possible scenarios might (speculatively) include an element of wilfulness or collusion: COs paradoxically trying to save their sanity by disguising or temporarily undermining it; authorities seeking to get stroppy characters out of their way and weaken collective resistance.<br />
Asylums in general may have seemed to offer a better chance of physical and mental survival than prison or work camps - unfortunately, as we have seen, a few COs did not survive long in them.<br />
<br /></div>
SmothPubshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13111109728985633135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8785092262719769427.post-32473906000825539162019-02-17T09:34:00.000-08:002019-02-28T00:36:25.840-08:00'Insane' First World War COs continued: Some case notes and comments<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.26; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Edited extracts from the <a href="https://search.livesofthefirstworldwar.org/search/world-records/conscientious-objectors-register-1914-1918">Pearce Register</a>:</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Conscientious Objectors deemed to have been insane</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></span>
</span><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b style="font-style: normal;">I </b><i>or </i><b style="font-style: normal;">J Baker </b></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Address: </span><span style="font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Barnes</span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">War Service</span><span style="font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(?) </span><span style="background-color: silver; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Discharged - insane; </span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: silver; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Developed mental derangement</span><span style="font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, 2nd Eastern Hospital, Portland Road, Hove.</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>(This record is unusual in providing so little information)</i></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Thomas Bamford</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">b.1888 </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">12, Enoch Street, Burslem, Stoke-on-Trent</span><br />
<span style="color: black; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Married, 2 children</span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">Occupation: </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ovenman</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">Motivation: <b>Primitive Methodist</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>War experiences</i>:- </span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">CM (Court Martial) Wallsend 13.6.17 - 6 months HL (With hard labour) - </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Prison (W</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ormwood Scrubs) 21.6.17 to </span><span style="background-color: silver; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8.9.17 </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: silver; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - to Hanwell, London County Asylum, Mental illness</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: silver; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Discharged as no longer fit for service 27.11.17</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">- required to present himself for annual medical* </span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">*(Military Service (Review of Conscription) Act 1917). </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">W364 Proceedings on discharge </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Military character: Bad. Patient unable to give necessary (personal) information.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Dementia praecox</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> originated in Wormwood Scrubs: Constitutional, probably aggravated by confinement in prison (onset). Patient unable to give any statement whatsoever (Details in longhand and typewritten versions). “No documents obtainable” re some standard queries.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Incoherent & talking incessantly, repeating same word over and over.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">3/10 Attempted to strangle himself with a rope made from shirting; later same month made rope of vest, tied it round his arm.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">31-10-17 report: Yes, requires another person in constant attendance, “he is a suicidal lunatic”</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-93a29141-7fff-9718-8628-b7183b89a4f9"></span></span><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">In Hanwell at time of discharge. – Gordon J Key, Capt., RAMC, O/C case; I L Waddell O/C Hospital.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Henry Burgess</span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"> b.1880</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">37, Barry Road, Dulwich</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">Single</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">Shorthand writer </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">Occasional Quaker Attender (Peckham); <b>NCF </b>(No-Conscription Fellowship); <b>Wesleyan Methodist</b></span></div>
<div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">CM (Court Martial) Newhaven 5.8.16 - 6 months </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">Re-arrested after rejecting HOS (Home Office Scheme), 9.7.17</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CM (Court Martial) Att.Depot Devon 16.7.17 - 2yrs.HL </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> Exeter CP (Civil Prison). </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">21.7.17 to 22.2.18 </span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: silver; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">'Certified insane and removed to Exminster Asylum' </span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: silver; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Transferred to Devon County Lunatic Asylum (19.2.18) Mental illness</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="background-color: silver; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 400;">Discharged from army as 'no longer fit for service' 27.3.18. </span></span></li>
</ul>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvMvcX6X4sNAao-mupXV-JqCmOarjd59vf3-dlV6obYOCARCHp9iDNAIPW1PZpgP2TARRgRZ37GuhKhbqGo5POEq9uIXMUy3dKIANVkEAvWG2CeZxHUiLaSwkJBPDiH9Y5nYuc0ri-y4Bi/s1600/20190217_202844-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="219" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvMvcX6X4sNAao-mupXV-JqCmOarjd59vf3-dlV6obYOCARCHp9iDNAIPW1PZpgP2TARRgRZ37GuhKhbqGo5POEq9uIXMUy3dKIANVkEAvWG2CeZxHUiLaSwkJBPDiH9Y5nYuc0ri-y4Bi/s320/20190217_202844-1.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">From Henry Burgess's WO363 file: Court Martial</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUyRmA-peHHMcuvcwIRnb1b-nw9ef760eCfq3Lfx13q44QbQLptRFACKAKotTfPjOcYdg6-v33G_Gh1ReXrXlBB_ua1vUDnjuonk_ZKZVknsuxM8FBvLSwGz5O2rXMK1PrcUdB4cLgWlGc/s1600/20190217_203532-1-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUyRmA-peHHMcuvcwIRnb1b-nw9ef760eCfq3Lfx13q44QbQLptRFACKAKotTfPjOcYdg6-v33G_Gh1ReXrXlBB_ua1vUDnjuonk_ZKZVknsuxM8FBvLSwGz5O2rXMK1PrcUdB4cLgWlGc/s320/20190217_203532-1-1.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Transfer to Asylum</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: silver; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Q in H (Question in Parliament) (?) <a href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1918/jun/10/conscientious-objectors">10.6.18</a> </span></span><span style="background-color: silver; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">re his mental state -</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> "Is he now in an asylum?" -</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: small; white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">HC Deb 10 June 1918 vol 106 cc1852-3</span></span></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: small; white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">(<i>The question refers to 'Harry' rather than 'Henry' Burgess, hence presumably Pearce's question-mark. The names were often used interchangeably</i>).</span></span></span></div>
<div class="hentry member_contribution" id="S5CV0106P0-06016">
<blockquote cite="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-thomas-richardson-2" class="contribution_text entry-content" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="question_no">80.</span> <cite class="member author entry-title" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-thomas-richardson-2" style="text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mr Thomas Richardson">Mr. T. RICHARDSON</a></cite> </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">asked the Home Secretary whether he is aware that Harry Burgess, a conscientious objector, was sentenced to his first term of imprisonment in August, 1916; that he, subsequently, was transferred to a work settlement; that he was afterwards recalled and sent to prison; that he has since broken down mentally and is now in an asylum; and if he will say whether his present condition is a result of the treatment he has received while in prison? </span></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="hentry member_contribution" id="S5CV0106P0-06017">
<blockquote cite="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-william-brace" class="contribution_text entry-content" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
<a class="speech-permalink permalink" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1918/jun/10/conscientious-objectors#S5CV0106P0_19180610_HOC_77" rel="bookmark" style="clear: both; float: right; padding-left: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Link to this speech by Mr William Brace"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">§</span></a><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><cite class="member author entry-title" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-william-brace" style="text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mr William Brace">The UNDER-SECRETARY of STATE for the HOME DEPARTMENT (Mr. Brace)</a></cite> </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">These facts are as stated in the question except that Burgess has recently been discharged from the asylum. There is no reason for thinking that his insanity was in any way attributable to the treatment he received in prison.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></blockquote>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">-----------------</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #222222;"><strong>John </strong><strong><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Burke</span></strong></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;">38, Euston Rd., Morecambe</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">Married</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span id="docs-internal-guid-c839eddc-7fff-13ec-4f17-9071f8ad936f" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Absentee. Arrested 12.5.17, tried and handed over. </span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">To Oswestry barracks/camp</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - went on </span><span style="background-color: silver; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">hunger strike</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> at Oswestry May 1917, </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and sent to Lord Derby Hospital, Warrington*</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Force fed; May 1918 reported to be in hospital.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: silver; vertical-align: baseline;">Richmond Asylum, Dublin </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">July 1918 </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">'</span><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">Case of Brutality and neglect</b></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">* [</span><i style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">Note by CP</i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">] Treated' in same hospital as Ribeiro [Ribiero in Hansard]. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">Returned to his unit at Oswestry twice before being sent to Dublin.</span><br />
<span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-15a3817c-7fff-f6c4-b663-82ba8260b777" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #330033; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">(Emmanuel <a href="http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=24639">Ribeiro</a></span><span style="color: #330033; vertical-align: baseline;">, a gold and silver engraver from Manchester, and father of eight. An absolutist who refused all co-operation with conscription, repeatedly went on hunger strike and was force fed 155 times in Warrington and Wormwood Scrubs prisons.</span><span style="color: blue; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: blue; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: small; white-space: normal;"><span style="background-color: silver; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"Q in H 20.6.17 </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">re his being sent to hospital in Dublin" - </span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: small; white-space: normal;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">HC Deb 20 June 1917 vol 94 cc1766-7</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="question_no" style="font-size: small; white-space: normal;">71.</span><span style="font-size: small; white-space: normal;"> </span><cite class="member author entry-title" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal;"><a href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-william-byles" style="text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mr William Byles">Sir WILLIAM BYLES</a></cite><span style="font-size: small; white-space: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">asked the Home Secretary whether Emanuel Ribiero, a conscientious objector, belonging to North Salford, is still at Lord Derby's War Hospital at Winwick, near Warrington; whether he is still hunger-striking and being forcibly fed; whether he describes the process as slow mental and physical torture likely to end in his death or loss of reason...</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><cite class="member author entry-title" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/sir-james-macpherson" style="text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sir James Macpherson">Mr. MACPHERSON</a></cite> </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ribiero is still in the Lord Derby War Hospital. He is hunger-striking, and is being fed by tube. He makes no resistance, so that this feeding cannot be described as forcible...</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">(No PQ relating to John Burke on this day has been found.)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: 700; white-space: pre;">-----------------</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-fff81bbd-7fff-cdc1-a0a9-8e40e849f06d"><span style="font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">Samuel Cartwright </span></span></span></span><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">b.1896</b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">16, School Street, Barrow in Furness</span></span><br />
<span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "verdana";"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Single </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-803e2ba3-7fff-7d2e-35e5-2b7619ec131e"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><b>Watch and clock repairer</b></span></span></span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">NCC (Non-Combatant Corps) 1.3.17 Lancaster, (4 Western)</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: silver; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline;">Rejected at medical - Mental Illness - long-standing condition</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: silver; vertical-align: baseline;"> - but called up 12.3.17 </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">Kinmel Park Guard Room </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">- letter to NCF </span></span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(via Cartwright's mother) </span><span style="background-color: silver; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">worried about his sanity</span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: silver; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Refused to sign army papers</span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: silver; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline;">16.3.17 </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">removed to Military Hospital with nervous breakdown</span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: silver; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Discharged as unfit 9.4.17 and sent to Lancaster Asylum</span></li>
</ul>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9ZqPncJXefFy75GDH5f9U8VohdjahWPZdN3ia0d4CfMKWbZFepZNjmsYgFpgIPDvT_iZDB-sK6ZeXmmPQZ9tBAndoqluKVGjBIUZzgzemU9tV0M_LNEtXSNIamYX8u33zRkAQwQYB0iDt/s1600/20190217_205032-1-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9ZqPncJXefFy75GDH5f9U8VohdjahWPZdN3ia0d4CfMKWbZFepZNjmsYgFpgIPDvT_iZDB-sK6ZeXmmPQZ9tBAndoqluKVGjBIUZzgzemU9tV0M_LNEtXSNIamYX8u33zRkAQwQYB0iDt/s400/20190217_205032-1-1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Army disclaims responsibility for Samuel Cartwright's condition</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">Alexand</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-21be325d-7fff-4d08-6747-9997889d2bf5"><span style="color: black; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">er Robert Cook </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"> b.1877</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Shetland</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Single</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-b308bcf6-7fff-bf79-c637-065b63851727"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="background-color: white;">Schoolteacher</b></span></span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-f37b2b0b-7fff-db8b-96e2-e578b99821ce"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fort George 6.3.17; NCC (Non-Combatant Corps) (3 Scottish) </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CM (Court Martial) (4 Scottish) 13.3.17 Hamilton 112 days HL </span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Wormwood S. released and returned to unit 15.6.17</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #222222;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-1f677e5d-7fff-e20c-cfa0-f35836a24533"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Refused HOS (being sent to a work camp or other alternative service).</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CM (Court Martial) Hamilton 21.6.17 - 1yr.HL Barlinnie CP (Civil Prison)</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Released to rejoin unit 22.11.17</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hospital, Hamilton 29.12.17 - 1.1.18 (Scabies); 7.3.18 </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">- </span></span><span style="background-color: silver; color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">6.3.19 </span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: silver; color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">'Delusional Insanity'; Dykebar* War Hospital, Paisley 6.3.19</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-df4de5cd-7fff-b37e-0975-6c77fd9019b8"><span style="background-color: silver; color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Died </b>in Dykebar War Hospital 13.6.19; Mental illness </span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">* "</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">From 1916-1919 the hospital was taken over by the military authorities for use as a war hospital and the inmates were removed to other institutions throughout the country, with the exception of a few men to work on the grounds and the farm."</span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKYlO33gTGkLrBqbvxgxqqMcxVOcGFPBfJREW84l3pXIWP1qBYAifGvuFfBDQtC1osav2Z35dpDOod1GedVLobpJOM1ssWey1BFfu3rAbGtWzkQIBOx4DnGI4bobZCPEj-x-7FCr7RwxI3/s1600/20190217_210236-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKYlO33gTGkLrBqbvxgxqqMcxVOcGFPBfJREW84l3pXIWP1qBYAifGvuFfBDQtC1osav2Z35dpDOod1GedVLobpJOM1ssWey1BFfu3rAbGtWzkQIBOx4DnGI4bobZCPEj-x-7FCr7RwxI3/s320/20190217_210236-1.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">Telegram informing Alexander Cook's sister of his death</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre;">Thomas Davis </span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Motivation</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><b>'deeply religious'</b></span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Winson Green CP (Civil Prison), Birmingham 25.10.16, left 30.10.16</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: silver; color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Reported to have been discharged as 'insane'</span></li>
<li><span id="docs-internal-guid-e1dd948e-7fff-2da6-bc69-cbfadd9a6e34" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Work Centre</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">HOS (?) 28.1.18 reported to be working on a farm near Hereford.</span></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[<i>As noted, occasionally only </i></span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>minimal</i></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i> information is available.</i>]</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-a8cd64fc-7fff-43c3-cad5-9b981277a1e0"><span style="font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Richard Elsworth </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">b.1889</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">27, Wellington Street, Barnoldswick nr. Colne, 'Yorkshire' [now seems to be Lancashire]</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Single </span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-ad5fa6ab-7fff-b1fa-3e37-6a63d2fe3a61"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Weaver; </b>former <b>Baker</b></span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-a62fe2e6-7fff-30c4-ee65-1eebe35bc785"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">19.5.16, posted to NCC (Non-Combatant Corps) (2, 3 Northern)</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">16.6.16 CO (Commanding Officer) awarded him 14 days detention</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CM 7.7.16 Richmond (Yorks.) - 112 days HL. </span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> Durham CP (Civil Prison)</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">HOS </span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">7.8.17 at Wakefield; Dartmoor; recalled to colours 16.8.17. </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">'Deserted' 16.8.17 at Leicester</span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">, arrested 14.9.17. </span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">CM Leicester 21.9.17 - 1yr.HL </span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Leicester CP 24.9.17 - </span><span style="background-color: silver; color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">23.5.18 to Leicester County Lunatic Asylum</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: silver; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-1236eb92-7fff-ae11-4121-e28e3d54536a"><span style="background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline;">Certified insane 21.7.18, </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">Leicestershire </span></span></span><span style="background-color: silver; white-space: pre-wrap;">County Lunatic Asylum, Market Harboro </span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: silver; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - discharged from army 5.8.18 'No longer fit for service'</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-4e879930-7fff-753a-bf0b-3690b0e2e7c1" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Alfred E Eungblut </span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">b. 1895</span><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">St Pancras</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">Piano Tuner* </span><br />
<b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">Presbyterian</b></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-6fe705ee-7fff-355a-3d1c-cf2fd37a0535"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">MST (Military Service Tribunal) May 1916 St Pancras - CO refused; #</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Absentee. Arrest reported 15.9.16</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Central Tribunal at Wormwood S. 18.10.16, CO class A (‘Genuine’), to Brace Committee</span></span></li>
<li><span id="docs-internal-guid-0c48c2c0-7fff-fe6b-fe61-d5dbaa5b4373"><span style="font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CM Hurdcott 28.9.16 - 6 months HL com.to 112 days</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Wormwood S.; Dec.1916 </span><span style="background-color: silver; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">- mental illness - went mad </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: silver; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> - sent to Epsom Asylum</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> and </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">died </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">there in June 1917</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-2fc3964f-7fff-0d8d-b6b4-30fe6da0e986"><span style="background-color: silver; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Died </b>in insane asylum after arrest but not in priso</span></span><span style="background-color: silver; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">n</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-4cbe5694-7fff-22bf-cf00-85333a8f65c2"></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>* The surname Eungblut was big in <a href="http://www.lieveverbeeck.eu/Pianoforte-makers_England_e.htm">piano-making</a>, in this area of London.</i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i><br /></i></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-abe702ed-7fff-9424-3b43-2c086f15e5f8"><span style="background-color: silver; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1917/mar/14/conscientious-objectors">Q in H 14.3.17</a></span></span></span></span><br />
<cite class="member author entry-title unmatched-member" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">HC Deb 14 March 1917 vol 91 cc1109-11W</span></span></cite><br />
<cite class="member author entry-title unmatched-member" style="font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: "lucida grande" , "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: 400;"><br /></span></cite>
<cite class="member author entry-title unmatched-member" style="font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;">Mr. CHANCELLOR</cite><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">asked the Secretary to the Local Government Board whether he is aware that Alfred Eungblut, a conscientious objector who voluntarily gave himself up on 12th September last, was court-martialled at Salisbury, sentenced to two years' hard labour, sent to Wormwood Scrubbs, and from there to Epsom lunatic asylum; and, seeing that this man was driven insane by the ill-treatment that he received at the hands of the military, and is now in a serious state of health and possibly dying, will he say what action he proposes to take?</span><br />
<div class="hentry member_contribution" id="S5CV0091P0-03673">
<blockquote cite="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/sir-george-cave" class="contribution_text entry-content" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
<a class="speech-permalink permalink" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1917/mar/14/conscientious-objectors#S5CV0091P0_19170314_CWA_54" rel="bookmark" style="clear: both; float: right; padding-left: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Link to this speech by Sir George Cave"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">§</span></a><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><cite class="member author entry-title" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/sir-george-cave" style="text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sir George Cave">Sir G. CAVE</a></cite> </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">My right hon. Friend has asked me to reply to this question. This man was sentenced by court-martial on the 28th September last to 112 days' imprisonment. On the 10th November he was certified to be insane and removed to an asylum. I have no reason whatever for supposing that his insanity was due to ill-treatment by the military, but if the hon. Member has any evidence to support this very serious allegation he should submit it to the Army Council. The case is one for their consideration and not one that comes within my purview.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">
</span></blockquote>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="white-space: pre;">----------------- </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-027ee9da-7fff-5ec5-12d9-5c93c144b20c"><span style="font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bertie French </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">b.1897</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">1, Dudley Road, Haverhill, Suffolk</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Single</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Upholsterer </span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-1f206d14-7fff-c6dd-d9ef-b3b51bfeb38f"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(NCC). Rwfused to sign. CM 9.10.16 - 2yrs.HL </span></span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Wormwood S. </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">HOS Transfer to Army Reserve Class W</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">Wakefield work centre; Knutsford Work Centre - Macclesfield Hospita</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- </span><span style="background-color: silver; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Q in H 10.4.18; Q in H 10.6.18</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> re his having </span><span style="background-color: silver; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>attempted suicide</b> at Knutsford</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - now in Cheshire County Asylum at Macclesfield - mental illness</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Discharged 28.5.18 from Cheshire County Asylum, Parkside, Macclesfield.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">HC Deb 10 April 1918 vol 104 cc1461-5</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="question_no" style="white-space: normal;">20.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"> </span><cite class="member author entry-title" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; white-space: normal;"><a href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-joseph-king" style="text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mr Joseph King">Mr. KING</a></cite><span style="white-space: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">asked the Home Secretary whether Bertram French, a conscientious</span><br />
<div class="first-para" style="display: inline;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="permalink column-permalink" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1918/apr/10/conscientious-objectors#column_1464" id="column_1464" name="column_1464" rel="bookmark" style="clear: both; float: right; padding-left: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Col. 1464 — HC Deb 10 April 1918 vol 104 c1464">1464</a>objector, formerly at Knutsford work centre, is at present in hospital at Macclesfield through attempted suicide, and a previous attempt at suicide was hushed up; whether he was driven to this action by the conditions and treatment at the work centre; whether inquiries have been or will be made...</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><cite class="member author entry-title" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/sir-george-cave" style="text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sir George Cave">Sir G. CAVE</a></cite> </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">French is in the county asylum at Macclesfield, having been removed there after his first attempt at suicide, which occurred during his temporary absence from the work centre. Upon the recommendation of the medical officer he had been excused work at the centre and had been allowed to go out as he pleased during working hours. He has attempted suicide again while in the asylum; nothing is known of any other attempt. There is nothing in the facts of the case to justify the suggestion that he was driven to his action by the conditions and treatment at the work centre.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">{PQs and Answers on 10-6-1918 do not seem to include reference to French).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="white-space: pre;">-----------------</span></span></span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-d82072af-7fff-dd11-fa00-a070cf007f5b" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Albert Frost </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bletchley, Bucks.</span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Absentee. </span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Arrest reported 26.1.17</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Wormwood S. </span><span style="background-color: silver; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hunger strike 24.3.17 to 10.4.17</span></li>
<li><span id="docs-internal-guid-a3f78545-7fff-694d-a786-a995a9d012c8"><span style="background-color: silver; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - 'borderline insane' transfer to asylum - mental illness</span></span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-0b58541a-7fff-175f-816f-32580bc021f9"><span style="font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Owen Griffiths </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">b.1877 </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">Llangyfelach, </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">Glamorganshire </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">Baptist</span></div>
</div>
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<ul>
<li><span id="docs-internal-guid-e7fc7e7e-7fff-6d8a-b26a-240b95b0ac52"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CM Cardiff 12.7.17 - 112 days HL</span></span></li>
<li><span id="docs-internal-guid-6a5325fe-7fff-ea2d-f783-215c9b0f9ffa"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Wormwood S. 17.7.17 to 13.10.17 to Escort</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Carnarvon CP (Civil Prison)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Denbigh Asylum serving 2nd sentence 9.5.19</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-f282c183-7fff-d46a-e26b-425cd557f052" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Evelyn Wilfred Harbord </span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;"> <b>b.1889</b></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">17, Upper Cavendish Street, Ipswich </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>School teacher</b></span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span id="docs-internal-guid-816cdaf4-7fff-359a-a9a5-8b81030f17e2"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CM (Court Martial) Bury St.Edmunds 30.4.17 - 6 months HL </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">Wormwood S. 4.5.17, hunger strike 29.5.17 </span></li>
<li><span id="docs-internal-guid-7be014dd-7fff-6480-80b0-f4ed82f5029f" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - </span><span style="background-color: silver; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">deemed insane and transferred to Hanwell asylum 6.6.17</span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: silver; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Discharged with mental illness and no longer fit for service, </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: silver; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mental Hospital, Foxhall Road, Ipswich</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, Suffolk 6.8.17</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - <b>Died Sept.1917</b></span></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-a396a585-7fff-9a19-a5cc-dfd3e27aa7d4"><span style="font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">George Harrison </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">b.1888</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">9, Dean Street, Fairfield, Liverpool</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>'Quaker' </b></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-47cac6fd-7fff-c531-00eb-a0b19650f7da"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline;">CM (Court Martial) Derby 30.8.17 - 20 months. Refused HOS.</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-ddc8064d-7fff-58fe-321b-75b83138b855"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline;">Wormwood S. 10.9.17 to 2.9.18 transfer to Wandsworth CP</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"> - released by order of Secretary of State 8.11.18; </span><span style="background-color: silver; vertical-align: baseline;">Illness, mental 28.10.18 </span></span></li>
<li><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: silver; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline;"> - '. went raving mad'. to Lunatic Asylum</span></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-efdd1e03-7fff-970b-e9b9-6ee011b5c7b8"><span style="font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">Claude John Hopkinson </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">b.1896</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Ingham Road, Long Eaton</span></span><br />
<span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">Card puncher</span></span><br />
<span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">Christadelphian </span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-1ec675be-7fff-dac9-4a59-645a78fafb2a"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline;">Ilkeston Police Court 3.5.16, arrested tried, fined and handed over</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-c724ce65-7fff-6c5c-acea-5229ec07730a"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline;">WNI (Pelham) (Work of National Importance under the Pelham Committee) 16.5.17 to 16.10.17 </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">In poor health, </span><span style="background-color: silver; vertical-align: baseline;">recently*discharged from Derbyshire Asylum and rejected by Army Medical Board</span></span></li>
<li><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline;"> - light labouring work at Long Eaton Midland Railway stores</span></span></li>
<li><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: silver; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline;">Illness - neurasthenia, referred to local MOH (Medcial Officer of Health)</span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">(*<i>Not clear whether he was in the asylum before becoming a CO.</i>)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-9339add6-7fff-a9ce-41a4-6d9a5f169c7e"><span style="font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Aneurin Morgan </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">b.1893</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5, Park Row, </span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Cwmavon, Port Talbot</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Single</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hosier and Draper</span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-53b094d9-7fff-3882-9aca-36e456003673"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Not attached to any know organisation</span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-85467830-7fff-0d17-cd7b-5b9e04b6be9c"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Arrested, Port Talbot Magistrates court 21.8.16, fined 40/- and handed over</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Refused to sign army papers</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">CM (Court Martial) Kinmel Park 26.8.16 - 2yrs.HL </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">com.to 112 days</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">Wormwood </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">S released 2.12.16 </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">CM Kinmel Park 6.12.16 - 2yrs.HL com.to 112 days </span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Walton CP (Civil Prison), Liverpool</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - 1.2.17 </span><span style="background-color: silver; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">mental illness - 'losing hi mind' and sent to County Asylum at Rainhill, Liverpool</span></span></li>
<li><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">23.2.17 Transfer to 57 TRB (Training Reserve Batallion)</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">17.3.17; " is suffering from </span><span style="background-color: silver; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Delusional Insanity</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. He is refusing food and has to be fed with a stomach tube. He also says that he is Jesus Christ."</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">13.6.17 Discharged under King's Regulations para 392 (xvi): No longer physically fit for service.</span></li>
</ul>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-85af07d0-7fff-4002-7e3f-3d24088af0c8" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Timothy Sidney Overbury </span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">b.1880</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">21, Marley Street, Beeston </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">Married, 1 child</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">Church worker </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Motivation</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Brotherhood Church</b>, Beeston; <b>NCF</b></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<ul>
<li><span id="docs-internal-guid-b0748ff7-7fff-c78e-4bb7-0d2d886a55b6"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Leeds 2.10.16 arrested and handed over - began hunger strike as soon as arrested*</span></span></li>
<li><span id="docs-internal-guid-1ac8b6ef-7fff-74e3-de31-cc0d7c48b129"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Refused to sign or to answer any questions; refused HOS</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CM (Court Martial) West Hartlepool 9.10.16 - 28 days </span></li>
<li><span id="docs-internal-guid-448b6030-7fff-fadb-6e48-c3280c2d962d"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Wormwood S. 12.10.16 continued hunger strike - Fasted and refused food </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Force fed from 18.10.16 to 6.11.16 - to Fulham Military Hospital. </span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Q in H 28.11.16</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- discharged by army 2.12.16 weighing 4 stones* - </span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">*Hunger strike for 36 days</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">14.12.16 Discharged as no longer physically fit for service </span></span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-fb093a50-7fff-b893-98d6-f50ea3c81edb"></span><br />
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-fb093a50-7fff-b893-98d6-f50ea3c81edb"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">W364 Record of Service,</span></span></div>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-fb093a50-7fff-b893-98d6-f50ea3c81edb">
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Refuses to sign. Refuses to answer any questions.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Wilful defiance of authority & lawful command. Arrested, refused all food from that moment. </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fed forcibly in W Scrubs 18-10-16 to 6-11-16. Is emaciated. Pulse poor but has improved in last 3 days.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Is volubly full of fixed notions as to the immorality of military service.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Is of low mentality & obsessed with religious ideas against war but not certifiably insane.</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Total incapacity expected to last probably a few days.</span></div>
<div>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-b62651e0-7fff-cab2-7494-edbc98c09d41" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: silver; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">After release from army arrested for distributing literature likely to prejudice recruiting </span></span><span style="background-color: silver; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10.12.16.</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
</span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Medical Board report - 'Is of </span><span style="background-color: silver; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">low mentality and obsessed with religious ideas against war</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> but </span><span style="background-color: silver; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">not certifiably insane'</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">HC Deb 28 November 1916 vol 88 cc133-4</span></div>
<div class="hentry member_contribution" id="S5CV0088P0-00623">
<blockquote cite="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-philip-snowden" class="contribution_text entry-content" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="question_no">35.</span> <cite class="member author entry-title" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-philip-snowden" style="text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mr Philip Snowden">Mr. SNOWDEN</a></cite> </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">asked the Secretary of State for War if he is aware that Thomas Sidney Overbury, a conscientious objector, was handed over to the military on 2nd October, 1916, court-martialled on 9th October, and sentenced to twenty-eight days' imprisonment, which he served in Wormwood Scrubs; that on the expiration of his sentence on 6th November he was sent to Fulham Military Hospital, and will he say if he is still in that hospital; if he has been on hunger-strike practically the whole time since his arrest; if he has been forcibly fed; and if it is intended to let the man die rather than give him the exemption from military service to which the Central Tribunal has decided he is entitled as a genuine conscientious objector?</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="hentry member_contribution" id="S5CV0088P0-00624">
<blockquote cite="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-henry-forster" class="contribution_text entry-content" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
<a class="speech-permalink permalink" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1916/nov/28/conscientious-orjectors#S5CV0088P0_19161128_HOC_96" rel="bookmark" style="clear: both; float: right; padding-left: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Link to this speech by Mr Henry Forster"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">§</span></a><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><cite class="member author entry-title" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-henry-forster" style="text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mr Henry Forster">Mr. FORSTER</a></cite> </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">This man has been discharged under paragraph 392 XVI., King's Regulations.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></blockquote>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: 700; white-space: pre;">---------------------</span></span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-55d59185-7fff-6a84-a529-e7881a6e49c2" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Albert F Parrish </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Thaxted</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Married, 1 child</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cycle dealer</span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-22edba19-7fff-4d53-2157-886ea1beb95a"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Baptist </b>- organist at Baptist church </span></span><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<ul>
<li><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Arrested 17.1.17 tried, fined etc. handed over and taken to Warley</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">CM (Court Martial) Warley 25.1.17 - 6 months HL (With hard labour) </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">Central Tribunal at Wormwood S. 16.3.17 - certified insane</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Wormwood S. - </span><span style="background-color: silver; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">declared mentally ill, insane</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: silver; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> - and taken to the London County Asylum at Epsom</span></span></li>
<li><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">'Brutality Case'</b></li>
</ul>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Frank Piper </b></span></span><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">b.1884</b><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Previllas, St.Agnes, Cornwall</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Single </span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-439734c3-7fff-522d-c0b1-80a826ddc5c9"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Carpenter and wheelwright</b></span></span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-6e825b9c-7fff-b3f1-6333-7bd2239b8623"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Primitive Methodist</b></span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-d580ddda-7fff-13ac-e13d-d0abf8acd4c1"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCC. CM Weymouth 11.5.17 - 1yr.HL com. 6 months</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Wormwood S. 15.5.17 to </span><span style="background-color: silver; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Hanwell Asylum 5.7.17 - Mental illness (?)</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: silver; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Auditory halluc[i]nations and mania</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, began at Wormwood S. July.1917</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: silver; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Discharged 5.9.17 'no longer fit for service'</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (KR 392 xvi)</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-b9519a95-7fff-a80e-d38f-17194f88ec99"></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #222222;"><b>Pitcher, William </b></span></span><b style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">b.1887 </span></b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">29, Wolverhampton Rd., Walsall </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">Single </span><br />
<b style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">Saddle bar maker </b><br />
<b style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">'Wesleyan'</b></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.26; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-63075c59-7fff-3ff6-d840-ca199337422e"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Arrested at Walsall, fined £5 and handed over 11.9.16</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">CM Whitley Bay 28.11.16 'Refusing to fire' - 28 days FP1 (Field Punishment No.1)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">CM Backworth 15.12.16 </span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> - 18 months detention, Wandsworth MP</span></span></li>
<li><span id="docs-internal-guid-abcad734-7fff-0760-d894-1bb50757ac29"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- released and returned to unit 16.4.17</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">CM </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Forest Hall 30.4.17 - 2yrs.HL, com.to 6 months, Newcastle CP</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">CM Forest Hall 10.10.17 - 2yrs.HL Newcastle CP (Civil Prison) </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">20.7.18 removed to County Asylum ':</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> '</span><span style="background-color: silver; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">has gone insane and was conveyed to Morpeth Asylum</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Discharged as </span><span style="background-color: silver; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">no longer physically fit for service - mental illness 'Paranoia' - 16.9.18</span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: silver; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - discharged from asylum by order of Secretary of State 4.2.19</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-77112629-7fff-dddf-4568-0ff5a632f1df" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">George Hegarty Ramsay</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">b.1890</b><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">87, Edith Grove, Chelsea</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">Single until 3-3-1917<b> </b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Artist </b></span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-9eaf23b6-7fff-4250-8182-fa80825bc4bc"><span style="background-color: silver; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Refused to sign and refused information</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-ee33794f-7fff-e090-d8fd-ac31199a9066"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCC. CM Shoreham 31 May, 1 and 2 June 1916 - 2yrs HL com.to 112 days HL </span></span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Lewes CP </span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">Discharged 23.11.17 'no longer physically fit for service' (KR 392 xvi) - 'delusional insanity'</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-ae49e391-7fff-1a58-01c4-6afa326f03e2"><span style="font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Herbert Alfred Shorley </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">b.1878</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">73, Avondale Road, Kettering</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Married, 2 children</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bricklayer</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre;"><b>ILP </b>(Independent Labour Party); <b>NCF </b>(No-Conscription Fellowship)</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fugitive</span><span style="font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. </span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Arrested Kettering 30.10.17</span></span></li>
<li><span id="docs-internal-guid-d0e047eb-7fff-c004-ce7c-d7654ee98c86"><span style="background-color: silver; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Refused to sign and refused a medical</span></span></li>
<li><span id="docs-internal-guid-1f967b52-7fff-1e5b-7781-a5f7a23b5796"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CM Northampton Barracks 8.11.16 - 6 months HL com.2 months </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">Wormwood S. 17.11.16 released to HOS</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">14.2.17 transfer to Army Reserve Class W; Wakefield Centre March 1917</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> - went missing and found in Barnsley. </span><span style="background-color: silver; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Thought to be "out of his mind".Mental illness</span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: silver; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">Discharged 29.3.17 unfit for service (KR 392 xvi) 'Insane' </span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: silver; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">West Riding Asylum, Wakefield; Discharged from Asylum 17.9.17</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">W V Smith </span><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Clapton</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Absentee</span><span style="font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Arrest reported 26.1.17</span></span></li>
<li><span id="docs-internal-guid-adfb06a5-7fff-d7f4-df67-85482ed12be7"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3 (R) London CM (Court Martial) Torquay 23.4.17 </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - </span><span style="background-color: silver; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Guilty but insane; Mental Illness</span></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-d5aa74cb-7fff-0624-a94b-063d919c438c"><span style="font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Alfred Ernest Statton </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">b.1890</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">6, Sophia Street, Cardiff</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Married, 1 child</span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-cdca6614-7fff-ed45-63ec-25281d9bb4cc"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Wood sawyer/machinist</b></span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-f4dc676d-7fff-675a-250a-e1eab4d249fc"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CM Kinmel Park 9.12.16 - 6 months HL </span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">HOS </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Wakefield Work Centre - admitted to </span><span style="background-color: silver; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Wakefield Asylum 29.3.17 </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: silver; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mental Illness - delusions</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Discharged at Shrewsbury 24.7.17 as </span><span style="background-color: silver; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">physically/mentally unfit,</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: silver; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> to Hereford County Asylum</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-95c54605-7fff-82e5-53f7-252e70326819"><span style="background-color: silver; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Died </b>after arrest but not in prison, Hereford County Asylum 1919</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-21d207c1-7fff-a3cc-525c-26ff07bb7cda"><span style="font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">John Styche </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">b.1890</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">13, Castle St., Erdington, Birmingham</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Single</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Farm labourer</span><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<ul>
<li><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">RFA Artillery School CM Northampton 26.12.16 - 56 days HL</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">Wandsworth CP (Civil Prison) 1.1.17 to 12.2.17 (Remission)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> - to duty 21.2.17; to </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>France</b></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">: 28.2.17 - 14.7.17</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">FGCM (Court Martial) 26.4.17 </span><span style="background-color: silver; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Disobedience and offensive remarks</span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: silver; color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> - unfit to stand trial. Home: 14.7.17 - 13.9.18 </span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: silver; color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Discharged unfit 13.9.18 (KR 392 xvi) Mental Illness - 'Feebleminded', 'Insane', 'Imbecile'</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-6b555982-7fff-f30e-b153-3b4a8a830ab6"><span style="font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">John Taylor </span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Custom House and Silvertown (Ward), West Ham</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>NCF</b></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span id="docs-internal-guid-76e4db10-7fff-1157-13cf-17bdab08c058"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Private 23162 D Company, 3rd Battalion Essex Reg. </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CM Felixstowe 13.12.16 - 1yr.HL com.to 28 days - Wormwood Scrubs.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">HOS. </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Q in H 13.11.17 re his attempted suicide while at Wakefield </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Mental illness - declared insane and transferred to Wakefield Asylum</span><span style="background-color: silver; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: silver; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Q in H 5.2.18</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> re his <b>suicide </b>on the 20th January*</span></span></li>
<li><span id="docs-internal-guid-8278b1fd-7fff-764b-3d67-38226963b6a9" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Notes</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">*</span><span style="background-color: silver; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">'<b>Died </b>after arrest but not in prison'</span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">HC Deb 13 November 1917 vol 99 cc193-5</span><br />
<div class="hentry member_contribution" id="S5CV0099P0-00759">
<blockquote cite="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-joseph-king" class="contribution_text entry-content" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="question_no">65.</span> <cite class="member author entry-title" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-joseph-king" style="text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mr Joseph King">Mr. KING</a></cite> </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">asked whether John Taylor, a conscientious objector at the Wakefield work centre, recently attempted suicide by cutting his throat; whether this man is the John Taylor, No. 23,162, D Company, 3rd Battalion, Essex Regiment, who was granted a non-combatant certificate by his tribunal, was forced into a combatant regiment, ordered to do rifle drill, and afterwards subjected to field punishment No. 1; whether it is owing to this and subsequent treatment that the man was driven to attempt suicide; whether he has now been certified insane; and whether inquiries will be made into this case with the view to fix responsibility?</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span></span></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="hentry member_contribution" id="S5CV0099P0-00760">
<blockquote cite="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/sir-george-cave" class="contribution_text entry-content" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
<a class="speech-permalink permalink" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1917/nov/13/conscientious-objectors#S5CV0099P0_19171113_HOC_51" rel="bookmark" style="clear: both; float: right; padding-left: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Link to this speech by Sir George Cave"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">§</span></a><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><cite class="member author entry-title" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/sir-george-cave" style="text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sir George Cave">The SECRETARY of STATE for the HOME DEPARTMENT (Sir G. Cave)</a></cite> </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">The answer to the first part of the question is in the affirmative. I have no information as to the allegations contained in tithe second part, which should be addressed to the War Office. As regards the third part of the question, six of Taylor's friends among the men employed at Wakefield have voluntarily supplied a report on the facts of the case and on Taylor's mental condition. It is not suggested in this report that his condition was in any way due to his treatment while in the Army or in prison: on the contrary it is mainly attributed to anxiety caused by an explosion near his home and by subsequent air-raids in London. Taylor has now been certified insane. I see no ground for further inquiry into the matter.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span></span></blockquote>
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><cite class="member author entry-title" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-joseph-king" style="text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mr Joseph King">Mr. KING</a></cite> </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Is the right hon. Gentleman aware that this man is now in a dangerous condition and that his friends have been sent to see the last of him?</span><br />
<div class="hentry member_contribution" id="S5CV0099P0-00762">
<blockquote cite="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/sir-george-cave" class="contribution_text entry-content" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><cite class="member author entry-title" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/sir-george-cave" style="text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sir George Cave">Sir G. CAVE</a></cite> </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">I have not heard that, but I am sorry if it is so. </span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> -------------------</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">HC Deb 05 February 1918 vol 101 cc2068-74</span><br />
<div class="hentry member_contribution" id="S5CV0101P0-07794">
<blockquote cite="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-richard-lambert" class="contribution_text entry-content" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="question_no">78.</span> <cite class="member author entry-title" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-richard-lambert" style="text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mr Richard Lambert">Mr. LAMBERT</a></cite> </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">asked the Home Secretary whether John Taylor, a conscientious objector, has recently died in Wakefield Work Centre; whether an inquest was held; if so, what verdict was returned; and whether lie will have an independent inquiry by persons other than officials concerned into the circumstances of the deaths of the various conscientious objectors who have died during the last twelve months?</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span></span></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="hentry member_contribution" id="S5CV0101P0-07795">
<blockquote cite="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/sir-george-cave" class="contribution_text entry-content" style="margin: 1em 0px;">
<a class="speech-permalink permalink" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1918/feb/05/conscientious-objectors#S5CV0101P0_19180205_HOC_115" rel="bookmark" style="clear: both; float: right; padding-left: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Link to this speech by Sir George Cave"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">§</span></a><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><cite class="member author entry-title" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/sir-george-cave" style="text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sir George Cave">Sir G. CAVE</a></cite> </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">This man died on the 20th January at the West Riding Asylum, of which he had been an inmate for over two months. His death was the result of wounds which he inflicted upon himself on 2nd November while he was an inmate of the Wakefield Work Centre. As regards the causes leading up to the suicide, I would refer the hon. Member to my reply to a question addressed to me by the hon. Member for North Somerset on the 13th November, from which it appears that at the time when he committed the act he was in great anxiety as to the effect of the air-raids upon his home in London. An inquest was held on 25th January, and a verdict of felo de se [suicide] was returned. I see no ground for any further inquiry.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span></blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="white-space: pre;">--------------------------</span></span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-91d26508-7fff-5eb5-57c3-03b62014d1cb"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Andrew May Watt </span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">b.1894</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Presbyterian </span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-7ade1309-7fff-c08b-7d9c-1945fcf57791"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Depot Gordon Highlanders CM (</span><span style="background-color: silver; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Aberdeen</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 17.4.17 - 112 days HL </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-74ebafe5-7fff-aa49-6a40-1d10b49ac420"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Wormwood S. 21.4.17 - </span></span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Central Tribunal at Wormwood S. 22.6.17, to be certified insane</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: silver; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5.7.17 to <a href="http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/rd/64bbd4e5-0c07-448c-879c-e02ccc016b0d">Hanwell Asylum</a>; Mental illness, certified insane</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">---------------------------------------------------</span></span></div>
<i style="color: #222222; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">Links to principal sources for the above:</i><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">COs - </span></span><a href="https://search.livesofthefirstworldwar.org/search/world-records/conscientious-objectors-register-1914-1918" style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.66px; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://search.livesofthefirstworldwar.org/search/world-records/conscientious-objectors-register-1914-1918</a><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.66px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; white-space: pre-wrap;">UK Parliament - </span><a href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1918" style="font-family: calibri; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1918</a><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
=================<br />
<i><b>More on some of these stories later</b></i><br />
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SmothPubshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13111109728985633135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8785092262719769427.post-36325667308439935232019-02-05T02:47:00.000-08:002019-03-01T01:06:25.316-08:00Not quite driven mad? Non-certified mentally ill COs in the First World WarIn addition to the conscientious objectors (COs) certified 'insane' and sent to asylums, there were others whose records cast further light on the prevailing attitudes of official bodies and health professionals both towards opponents of the war and to those considered mentally ill.<br />
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;"><b>Diagnosis nervous breakdown, mental illness:</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;"><b>Gleanings from the <a href="https://search.livesofthefirstworldwar.org/search/world-records/conscientious-objectors-register-1914-1918">database</a></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;"><b>Allbutt, J A -</b> Nervous breakdown. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;">Birmingham</span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-e9c8f000-7fff-08a5-cd9c-427bcb0848d7"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Occupation - </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Master hairdresser</span></span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-e0a3d9ab-7fff-4c19-5cbc-8ef280291464"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Motivation - </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Christadelphian</span></span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-87916327-7fff-e934-4d07-c9a52c3dc79f"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">WNI (Pelham) (Work of National Importance under the Pelham Committee) 8.5.17 to 19.6.17</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Birmingham Metal and Munitions Co. and other war-related engineering work. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Illness - nervous breakdown.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUU6SJDYcdBbEgdErYYYxZedyPpZ2MD2QzIEytxzuHYDGs70lBGI2n_oj14HaCrt9gaFfpwCCiehmVEG-JMMrIZTTDy9DRIPL2aB_q_KorJY4OhEv1GeGWZie3R476B74WlrlY9weLrj90/s1600/20190205_103604-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUU6SJDYcdBbEgdErYYYxZedyPpZ2MD2QzIEytxzuHYDGs70lBGI2n_oj14HaCrt9gaFfpwCCiehmVEG-JMMrIZTTDy9DRIPL2aB_q_KorJY4OhEv1GeGWZie3R476B74WlrlY9weLrj90/s320/20190205_103604-1.jpg" width="193" /></a><br />
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;"><b>Ballinger, John</b> - Nervous breakdown while in prison, </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;">106, Freer Road, Birchfields [Birchfield], Birmingham </span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-5c1649bc-7fff-2b3f-852a-fa7b06afdfc6"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Occupation - </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Insurance agent. Married, b.1880</span></span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-3b97edc1-7fff-b390-ca04-9908a5de2491"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Motivation - </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Quaker (Farm Street, Birmingham Prayer Meeting); 'Christian Internationalist'</span></span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-31ee7eeb-7fff-a6ef-c285-9f088d6a227c"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Claimed AE (Absolute Exemption) - granted ECS (Exemption from Combatant Service)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-18e0e54f-7fff-a021-25d1-608ee96af2bc"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">NCC (Non-Combatant Corps) CM (Court Martial) Warwick 9.1.17 - 112 days HL (with hard labour).</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Wormwood S. 2.2.17,16.3.17, 20.4.17 'left Wormwood S.',May'17 </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">nervous breakdown while in prison</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Transfer from prison to Dartmoor... Transfer to Wakefield due to illness 21.6.17 </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;"><b>Bent, George E</b> - Nervous breakdown </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;">Pendleton, Lancashire</span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-13e522fa-7fff-5a36-73c9-73694e12633a"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Occupation - </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Accountant. </span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Married, b.1879</span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-28191ffa-7fff-4d80-75ab-fdf3e92bdb2d"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">WNI (Pelham) 13.9.16 to 20.11.17 British & Foreign Supply Association, Manchester </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Illness - nervous breakdown</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;"><b>Butler, Cyril Lawrence Newton</b> - Mental Illness - 'Feeblemindedness'</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;">The Old Cottage, Bowdon, nr.Altricham, Cheshire</span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-5c1649bc-7fff-2b3f-852a-fa7b06afdfc6"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Occupation - </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Music pupil.</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> b.1895</span></span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-3b97edc1-7fff-b390-ca04-9908a5de2491"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Motivation - C. of E. (Church of England)</span></span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-38d9b637-7fff-e1b1-dc88-e9342a120c1e"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CM Chester 18.6.17 - 112 days HL (with hard labour) commuted to imprisonment</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Wormwood Scrubs; 18.9.17 transfer to 105 TRB (Training Reserve Battalion), Edinburgh</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Discharged as unfit - Mental Illness - 'Feeblemindedness' - 21.12.17</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;"><b>Cooper, Sidney</b> - Nervous Breakdown </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;">34, Waterloo Road, Hunslet, Leeds</span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-b95a6851-7fff-6fee-ebac-7920ea44677e"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Occupation - </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Shop assistant. Single, b.1885</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Absentee. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Arrested 13.5.16 and sent to Richmond castle - </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">May 1916 </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - frogmarched at Richmond - SC treated badly - article in "Sunday Chronicle" 28.5.16</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Brutality case</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - see also Sylvia Pankhurst, 'The Home Front', p.315</span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-04c387d6-7fff-d582-a843-3c19272c0ac7"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCC (Non-Combatant Corps) 24.5.16 Leeds, (2 Northern) York - ill-treated and sent to Brampton en le Morthen (?) Nervous Breakdown - to Military Hospital, Warrington; mental illness</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Discharged and sent home 13.12.16; Home: 24.5.16 - 2.1.17 - no longer fit for service.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>From his <a href="http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C14567">WO363</a> file:</i></span><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">13-1-17 Letter, Dr Joseph Clough: SC is now ill with Rheumatism of Hands. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">He is a mental & physical wreck, not up to signing papers. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">“His mental capacity has gone. He can only repeat parrot phrases. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">His signature at present would not be valid. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Please do not bother him any more until I have (or some other doctor) given permission.” </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> – re Discharge papers, waiving any claim. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre;">16-1-17 Reminder re form. Eventually signed by sister, witnessed by doctor.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Cox, Frederick John</b> - </span>Signs of mental derangement </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;">Hawthorn Farm, Alburgh, Harleston, Norfolk</span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-909d4c01-7fff-ef41-2938-fb1d2930f3d4"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Occupation</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Farmer and coachbuilder. b.1886. Two brothers (below) also COs</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Motivation - C. of E. (Church of England)</span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-b1a5a365-7fff-a2db-4ce7-7f4f85e14d6a"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CM (Court Martial) Halton Camp, North 14.6.16 - 6 months HL Oxford CP</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CM Halton Camp West, Wendover 14.10.16 - 1yr. HL Wormwood Scrubs</span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-9dac5a6c-7fff-a4a6-f35c-1b233f3b5294"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Transfer to Wandsworth CP 24.1.17 to 27.7.17 released by order of GOC</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">'Developed signs of mental derangement in Wandsworth CP' </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Illness - Wandsworth prison hospital</span><br />
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<b style="color: #222222;">Cox, Oswald William</b><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;"> - Nervous wreck - illness</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;">Hawthorn Farm, Alburgh, Harleston, Norfolk</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Occupation</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Farmer and coachbuilder/Agriculturalist. b.1880. Brother of above.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Motivation - 'Quaker'/'C.of E'</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CM Halton Camp North 14.6.16 - 1yr.HL com.to 6 months Oxford CP</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CM 20.10.16 Halton Camp, Wendover - 9 months Wormwood S; </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CM Sutton 18.3.18 - 2yrs.HL -</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Serving his fourth sentence 1918 - 'seriously ill'. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">By Jan.1919 had served 4 sentences and more than two years; </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Pentonville prison 'nervous wreck' </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">- subject of petition to War Office</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Illness, released on medical grounds 6.3.19</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; white-space: normal;">Cox, Edward Herbert </b><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small; white-space: normal;">- Neurasthenia - became ill</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small; white-space: normal;">Hawthorn Farm, Alburgh, Harleston, Norfolk</span></span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-909d4c01-7fff-ef41-2938-fb1d2930f3d4"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Occupation</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Wheelwright. Single, b.1889. Two brothers above.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Refused to sign army papers</b> or to give details</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">CM (Dovercourt 14.6.16 - 84 days, Ipswich CP; CM Felixstowe 16.9.16 - 2yrs. com. to 1 yr. HL. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Wormwood S. - became ill in prison, sent to Fulham Hospital </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Neurasthenia - 16.12.16</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Discharged as no longer fit for service with effect from 8.1.17 </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;"><b>Evans, John William</b> - Nervous breakdown </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;">50, Londonderry Road, Stockton-on-Tees</span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-122b3050-7fff-1eef-dc33-d7955e322b56"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Occupation - </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">School teacher. Married, b.1884, 3 children</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Assigned to WNI (Pelham) 20.7.16 Illness - nervous breakdown</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Refuses WNI and refuses to leave his teaching post</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Referred back to MST (Military Service Tribunal); Stockton on Tees 10.11.16</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Absentee. Arrest reported 17.11.16</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCC (Non-Combatant Corps) (5 Northern) CM Rugeley 16.11.16 - 2yrs. HL Wormwood S.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;"><b>Hart, Alfred Anscombe</b> - Mental breakdown</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;">2, Fakenham St., Islington</span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-665793da-7fff-5c9d-5d65-2e6908c6dd5f"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Occupation - </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Porter on the Tube. Single, b.1899</span></span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-9b71d602-7fff-76e2-723b-7faf97d6d0ce"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Motivation - </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">IBSA [Int. Bible Students’ Assn., Jehovah’s Witnesses]</span></span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-d666973f-7fff-064e-b21d-153709b4b4fa"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">WNI (Pelham) 30.5.17 to 19.12.18 </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Discharged from Tube (London Underground) because of his nervous condition</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Farm work - Illness, health breakdown and mental breakdown - totally unfit for work</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b style="color: #222222;">Herring, W E</b><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span style="color: #222222;">- </span></span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;">Mental breakdown </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;">Sheffield</span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-d8361dc2-7fff-1187-6806-5da2f4d027f8"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Occupation - </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Turner</span></span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-aaaab031-7fff-53c9-d3cd-45c422f6d1bf"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Motivation - </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Christadelphian</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">WNI (Pelham) 4.9.18 Illness - influenza and nervous breakdown</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Transfer to lighter work with Messr C & J Hampton, Sheffield.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222; font-family: inherit;"><b>Lamont, John Ferrier</b> - Mental Illness </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222; font-family: inherit;">29, </span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222; font-family: inherit;">Spa Street, Aberdeen</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Occupation - </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Plater's helper. Single, b.1894</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. </span><span id="docs-internal-guid-d6a4c832-7fff-3df0-b00d-3164d985e3c6"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCC (Non-Combatant Corps) Discharged 2.4.18 with mental illness</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Medical report in National Archives file WO363 refers to 'Congenital Mental Instability'</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222; font-family: inherit;"><b>Langdon-Davies, John Eric</b> - Mental illness - melancholia - </span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222; font-family: inherit;">'neurotic and unstable' </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222; font-family: inherit;">3, Queen's Road Studio, St John's Wood</span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-af3819b7-7fff-47e4-159e-ebc777ef93a6"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Occupation - </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Oxford undergraduate, Single, b.1897</span></span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-87c0f8b3-7fff-3d32-2c92-34184d6ddd33"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Motivation - </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">'Quaker'</span></span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-e82b801a-7fff-5f90-067e-15f7b6811cb3"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Arrested 26.9.17 tried etc. at Marylebone magistrates 27.9.17, fined and handed over</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">CM Maidstone 9.10.17 - 112 days HL Wormwood S.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Discharged as no longer fit to serve 14.1.18</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - mental illness - melancholia in Wormwood S., 'neurotic and unstable'</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i><br /></i></span>
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>From his <a href="http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C14568">WO364</a> file:</i></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Feebleminded: constitutional, congenital.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">According to records – a man who resisted military discipline. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">From birth has always shown signs of neurotic & unstable constitution.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> “Evidence of important nervous trouble in 1915 and 1917” – Vice-Chairman, Tonbridge Local Tribunal. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">15 years’ instability, 7 years’ instability at school. Acute melancholia 1917 – MO, W Scrubs.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">CO of “Quaker” type. Published poetry. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Weak state of mind, unable to recollect </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">all</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> details of recent events </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">but he is apparently trustworthy in his statements as far as they go.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Trade: Undergraduate at Oxford University. Permanent incapacity [for military] 70%.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">--------------</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">In spite of the above, "</span></span><b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">John Eric Langdon-Davies</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> (18 March 1897 – 5 December 1971) was a British </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Author">author</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalist" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Journalist">journalist</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">. He was a war correspondent during the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> and the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_War" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Winter War">Russo-Finnish</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> war. As a result of his experiences in Spain, he founded the Foster Parents' Scheme for refugee children in Spain, now a huge international organisation called </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_(aid_organisation)" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Plan (aid organisation)">Plan</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tb_1-0" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Langdon-Davies#cite_note-tb-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> He was awarded the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Order of the British Empire">MBE</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> for services to the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Guard_(United_Kingdom)" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Home Guard (United Kingdom)">Home Guard</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">." - </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Langdon-Davies">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Langdon-Davies</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">"When called up in 1917 he declared himself a </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscientious_objector" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #0b0080; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">conscientious objector</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> and refused to wear uniform.</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Langdon-Davies#cite_note-tb-1" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #0b0080; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8.4pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre;">[1]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">This resulted in a short term in prison before being given a medical discharge."</span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-4d0bce7c-7fff-4bb2-3c38-6a505445ad08"><span style="background-color: #eaf3ff; color: #222222; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[1] My Country Right or Left:John Langdon-Davies and Catalonia" in </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Buchanan" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: #eaf3ff; color: #0b0080; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tom Buchanan</span></a><span style="background-color: #eaf3ff; color: #222222; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><span style="background-color: #eaf3ff; color: #222222; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9.5pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Impact of the Spanish Civil War on Britain: War, Loss And Memory</span><span style="background-color: #eaf3ff; color: #222222; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, pp. 141–157. Sussex Academic Press, 2007 </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: #eaf3ff; color: #0b0080; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ISBN</span></a><span style="background-color: #eaf3ff; color: #222222; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84519-127-7" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: #eaf3ff; color: #0b0080; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1-84519-127-7</span></a><span style="background-color: #eaf3ff; color: #222222; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;"><b>Lerpiniere, Horace Walter</b> - Nervous breakdown</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;">69, Greenleaf Rd., Walthamstow</span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-ddac7178-7fff-a867-aaec-b2db94ab02c1"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Occupation - </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ophthalmic optician. b.1891</span></span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-3ef67fc0-7fff-6085-f13a-bea1c393a66c"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">WNI (Pelham) 8.5.16 to 17.10.18 Forestry work near Exeter; In poor health</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Labouring work with Messrs Cadburys from Sept.1917; Illness - nervous breakdown</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;"><b>Noble, Robert Henry</b> - Illness, mental</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;">39, S</span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;">alisbury Street, South Shields</span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-480a8d51-7fff-9095-1574-40465a60e560"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Occupation - </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Upholsterer. Married, 2 children; b.1877</span></span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-33e801fa-7fff-4a5c-ec22-8abb1121ca33"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Motivation - </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Quaker Attender (South Shields PM); Wesleyan Methodist; Sunday School teacher; Trade Unionist - Shop Assistants Union; Trades Council delegate; ILP (Independent Labour Party)</span></span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-e4453188-7fff-a10c-bd91-a0bce07da2f1"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Arrested 17.1.17 - fined and handed over</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Refused to accept HOS (The Home Office Scheme, administered by the Brace Committee)</span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-d44c3c79-7fff-fca7-f91c-c487de642459"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Wormwood S.; Armley CP (Civil Prison), Leeds; released to HOS due to illness, mental, 31.12.18</span></span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-c481401d-7fff-01c4-59e5-e277cfd5d409"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Transfer to Army Reserve Class W 30.12.18 and taken home</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Post-war he was involved in South Shields politics as ILP/Labour councillor and Mayor,"</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;"><b>Phipps, Harry</b> - Signs of mental derangement </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;">33, Chesterfield Gardens, Harringay</span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-d20b7b04-7fff-de50-8d19-00d9d5bec068"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Occupation - </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Printer and Compositor. Married, 1 child; b.1889</span></span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-1c625479-7fff-33a6-41c8-e47fbf564846"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Motivation - </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Socialist; NCF (No-Conscription Fellowship)</span></span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-66a639a9-7fff-7ede-da66-dc50577389d1"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">16.8.16 Pelham recommend that his work is WNI and he should stay where he is, Tribunal disagree</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Depot Middlesex; CM Mill Hill 17.2.17 - 112 days HL Wormwood S. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Illness - began to "show signs of mental derangement" 31.5.17 in Mill Hill guard room</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Waiting for his 2nd CM in Mill Hill guard room, June 1917</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Discharged as unfit for service 15.8.17, sent home.</span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-b24173f0-7fff-2fca-849b-cbf3f6d0031d"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"Tottenham branch NCF angry at Head Office treatment"</span></span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-b3c08ca4-7fff-381b-8f0a-296ade0e18df"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Died after arrest but not in prison</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;"><b>Pridie, John</b> - Medical grounds, military mental hospital </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;">3, Lansdowne Crescent, Glasgow</span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-c5cc05fb-7fff-255d-7637-8d78026f0633"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Occupation - </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Clerk. Single.</span></span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-e5683cbf-7fff-f14f-3591-880039776fbe"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Motivation - </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Presbyterian (Glasgow) 'Quaker'</span></span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-b9910ae7-7fff-fbbc-5cb8-3f20900adc33"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCC (Non-Combatant Corps) 2.3.17 Glasgow (4 Scottish) </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CM Hamilton 13.3.17 - 112 days HL , Wormwood S</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CM (Court Martial) Hamilton 21.6.17 - 1yr. HL, Barlinnie CP</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CM (Court Martial) Berwick on Tweed 28.6.18 - 2yrs.HL Barlinnie CP.</span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-91fb359e-7fff-b797-1938-44d0c001062d"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Illness - released on medical grounds, military mental hospital</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;"><b>Raistrick, William -</b> 'Nervous breakdown' </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;">24, Alexandara Rd., Shipley</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">b.1879</span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-45218f79-7fff-ea72-e0fc-3cb789132d68"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Motivation - </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ILP (Independent Labour Party); Pacifist; 'Quaker'</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">During 1915 with his nephew, Arthur Raistrick, he campaigned against the war. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Later arrested and handed over."</span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-e9cd1b35-7fff-706e-24df-948167d25883"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Wormwood S. 19.11.17 to 12.3.18; Leeds CP </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Illness, 'Nervous breakdown' 17.1.19 released on Medical grounds</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;"><b>Ridgeway, Edward</b> - Nervous breakdown ... recurred</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;">Rose Cottage, Werneth Rd., Mottram, Cheshire</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Married, b.1883</span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-a8e61bdf-7fff-05a8-a6ec-122ade6292c0"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Motivation - </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NCF (No-Conscription Fellowship); Trade Unionist; International Socialist; Quaker</span></span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-7aee2453-7fff-956d-aa20-bebb4728cb80"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Conditional exemption on appeal by employer but wanted to have his conscientious objection heard</span></span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-343ffbfd-7fff-9967-ec01-2d6aa8a5781d"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Absentee arrested by Hyde Police and kept in police cells 19.4.17</span></span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-2584bc76-7fff-ed45-77d1-4ff40446a813"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hyde 20.4.17 tried, fined and handed over</span></span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-31e67a69-7fff-c222-55ca-c76657f348d1"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Wormwood S. 9.5.17 to 12.7.17 - </span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dartmoor (</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Work Centre) </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">'Had a nervous breakdown before coming in which has recurred in last four weeks and caused him to accept HOS which he now regrets.'</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;"><b>Smith, Sydney </b>- Nervous breakdown</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;">Birmingham</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Occupation - </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Commercial manager</span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-ed9a7dd4-7fff-49d4-8356-40549aa077bb"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Motivation - </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Christadelphian</span></span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-107db4a6-7fff-f2f5-4e5e-fc920d5a5202"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">WNI (Pelham) 9.5.17 to 7.11.18 </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Illness, nervous breakdown, 30.8.17</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;"><b>Spemcer, Leo George </b>- Nervous breakdown</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;">2, Grosvernor Rd., East Ham</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">b.1892</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Occupation - </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Woollen warehouseman</span><br />
<div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">WNI (Pelham)</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">) 12.5.16 to 26.9.16 to farm work</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Illness, nervous breakdown; Army Medical cl</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">ass C3</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Pelham unable to recommend WNI, to stay where he is</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;"><b>Turner, Ernest James </b>- Considered mentally ill</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;">107, Churchill Rd., Croydon</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Married, b.1881</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Occupation - </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Clerk</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Motivation - C. of E.</span><br />
<div>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-d9e97165-7fff-f7c4-f943-2668aa73b301"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Volunteered at Croydon 26.5.15, 2/3 East Anglian Field Ambulance; </span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">30.3.17 to Regular Army, RAMC Egypt (EEF) </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CM 24.7.18 for <b>refusing to take up a weapon</b> - 5yrs. Penal Servitude, com.to 2yrs. </span></div>
<div>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-f89f08f3-7fff-67c9-fa42-8789f7e3788f"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Military Prison, Egypt 26.7.18; unexpired portion of sentence remitted 14.6.19</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Discharged Kings Regs. 392(xi) misconduct, 10.10.19 </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - also considered mentally ill and should be discharged under 392 (xvi) </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - no longer physically fit (had been transferred to 22 London Reg.)</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;"><b>Watt, J </b>- Considered mentally ill</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;">Carlisle</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Occupation - </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tailor's cutter</span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-bf8a215f-7fff-5005-bfff-ec507cde7885"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">WNI (Pelham) 6.11.18, 5.12.18 Working as a military tailor in Portsmouth from March 1918. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Work too much for him, Illness, nervous breakdown</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - to stay there on lighter duties until his employer can find a substitute.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">==================</span></div>
There may well be many others whose cases didn't show up using the chosen keywords. For example, 16 more COs are recorded as having suffered 'neurasthenia', like one of the Cox brothers, usually along with other conditions in a pattern of unfitness that led to a change of location or a mitigation in their treatment, or to 'discharge due to illness'. Another (non-Absolutist) CO suffered 'shell-shock' and was invalided out of the RAMC after serving in Salonika.<br />
<br />
In any event, there is clearly scope for more research on many aspects, from personal/family history to medical/psychiatric culture...<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>Further 'cases' to follow, from the 'insane'group</i></div>
<br />SmothPubshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13111109728985633135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8785092262719769427.post-81884587308690024992019-01-29T13:05:00.001-08:002019-01-30T02:44:07.494-08:00"No doubt they are being looked after in the proper place."<b>Where They Were Sent: Some First World War Asylums</b><br />
<br />
Numerous questions were put to the government ministers by MPs concerned about the treatment of conscientious objectors (COs) suffering from mental illness, to be met with reassurances that such men were being treated reasonably and humanely (and that their condition was not a consequence of official policy towards them).<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Questions in the House (selection)</b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">HC Deb 28 November 1916 vol 88 cc133 Brutality cases Thomas Sidney Overbury</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">HC Deb 14 March 1917 vol 91 col.1109 Alfred Eungblut</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">HC Deb 13 November 1917 vol 99 cc193 Persecution, repeated CMs etc. John </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Taylor</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">HC Deb 05 February 1918 vol 101 cc2068 Wandsworth, Regulation 243A John </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Taylor</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">HC Deb 10 April 1918 vol 104 cc1461- Statistics; Bertie French</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1918/jun/10/conscientious-objectors">HC Deb 10 June 1918</a> vol 106 cc1852 Seventh Day Adventists; Le Havre; Harry </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Burgess</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">HC Deb 10 June 1918 vol 106 cc1885 William Stanton</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The 'proper places' to which COs were sent generally bore no relation to their place of origin. They were not clustered in a particular location, but distributed up and down the country. Another point to note is that as far as their onliue records go, none appears to have been sent to any asylum where a fellow CO was doing '<a href="https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2015/10/an-ealings-conscientious-objectors-work.html">Work of National Importance</a>' (WNI) as a member of the staff. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><b>Asylums with COS as patients</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/hospitalrecords/details.asp?id=1063" style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Cheshire County Asylum at Macclesfield</a></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/abandoned-denbigh-insane-asylum" style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Denbigh Asylum</a></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F99621" style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Derbyshire</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Asylum</span></a></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://dcmh.exeter.ac.uk/">Devon County Lunatic Asylum</a> <a href="http://dcmh.exeter.ac.uk/">Exminster</a></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrvqSfBXR1xrOqApfrhCXOah8Gc-lPRzU1KtL2uKsEKZytLsoLEykL_AUnOUQnqDQEvHebinJ-QzWX-u0cCtlDHv6_HrS-0KvLquI9zSo96wrcPJ8h8WK3n8IIvIH6a4VkpTjU_CwGltPn/s1600/20190129_104621-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="138" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrvqSfBXR1xrOqApfrhCXOah8Gc-lPRzU1KtL2uKsEKZytLsoLEykL_AUnOUQnqDQEvHebinJ-QzWX-u0cCtlDHv6_HrS-0KvLquI9zSo96wrcPJ8h8WK3n8IIvIH6a4VkpTjU_CwGltPn/s200/20190129_104621-1.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Wakefield (engraving, 1818)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Brendan%27s_Hospital,_Dublin" style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Richmond Asylum, Dublin</a></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2016/08/more-scottish-first-world-war-cos-from.html" style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Dykebar War Hospital, Paisley</a></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://thetimechamber.co.uk/beta/sites/asylums/the-london-county-epsom-cluster" style="background-color: #fce5cd;">London County Asylum at Epsom </a></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #222222;"><a href="https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2016/09/mad-to-oppose-war-four-cos-in-hanwell.html">Hanwell </a>(</span><span style="color: #222222;">4)</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://htt.herefordshire.gov.uk/herefordshires-past/the-post-medieval-period/public-health-in-the-19th-century/asylums/the-hereford-lunatic-asylum/" style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Hereford County Asylum</a></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.mybrightonandhove.org.uk/page_id__8313.aspx">2nd Eastern Hospital, Hove</a></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222; font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/hospitalrecords/details.asp?id=575">Ipswich</a></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/hospitalrecords/details.asp?id=1383&hospi">Lancaster Asylum</a> (2)</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://thetimechamber.co.uk/beta/sites/asylums/leicestershire-and-rutland-counties-asylum-carlton-hayes-narborough" style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Leicestershire County Lunatic Asylum</a></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainhill_Hospital" style="background-color: #fce5cd;">County Asylum at Rainhill, Liverpool</a></span></span><br />
<a href="https://www.countyasylums.co.uk/st-georges-morpeth/"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Morpeth County Asylum</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.bshs.org.uk/travel-guide/west-riding-lunatic-asylum-wakefield">West Riding Asylum, Wakefield</a> (3) </span></span><br />
<br />
<div>
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Some of the above had been taken over as 'military hospitals' so that COs could find themselves being kept/treated alongside psychiatric casualties. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: times, times new roman, serif;">A few COs are reported to have been 'insane' in prison, their destination asylum, if any, not noted, e.g. </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">Shepton Mallet CP;</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: inherit;">Winston</span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: times, times new roman, serif;">Green CP (Civil Prison), Birmingham</span></span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="color: #4e4037; font-family: "pt sans"; font-size: 16px;">"In 1914 there were over one hundred thousand patients within over one hundred mental institutions around the United Kingdom, the majority of these institutions were built since the passing of the </span><a href="https://www.countyasylums.co.uk/history/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #f0a71d; font-family: "pt sans"; font-size: 16px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">County Asylum / Lunacy Act in 1845</a><span style="color: #4e4037; font-family: "pt sans"; font-size: 16px;">. With the passing of the care in the community act in the 1980’s, many of these institutions have since closed; only a few of them remain open and in the use for Mental Health services." - </span><a href="https://www.countyasylums.co.uk/the-asylum-list/" style="font-family: "pt sans";">https://www.countyasylums.co.uk/the-asylum-list/</a><span style="color: #4e4037; font-family: "pt sans";"> </span></span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">'Hanwell' (London County) Asylum</td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: #4e4037; font-family: "pt sans"; font-size: 16px;">"... 119 ‘County Asylums’ in both England and Wales. [Plus] additional asylums/hospitals which [may not] come under the ‘County Asylum’ list</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e4037; font-family: "pt sans"; font-size: 16px;">."</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #4e4037; font-family: "pt sans"; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">As to the treatment and improvement or deterioration in the condition of COs in asylums, the facts may still be difficult for researchers to ascertain generally, although individual records may be easier for descendants or relatives of patients to access</span><span style="background-color: white;">:</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">"<a href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/mental-health/">Records of lunatic asylums</a> are not held in any one place and often not all their records have survived. Many records of asylums, prisons and houses of correction are kept in </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;">local archives</span><span style="font-size: 16px;"> and especially those of the </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;">patients</span><span style="font-size: 16px;"> and </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;">inmates</span><span style="font-size: 16px;">. However, most patient files have been destroyed."</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Several of the asylums were considered to be putting into practice more humane treatments and regimen in the wake of nineteenth century concerns about the incarceration of the mentally ill; a few are seen as having been in the forefront of such reforms.</span><br />
<br />
The humane imperative was not acknowledged everywhere or in all cases, however.<br />
A comparison:<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; white-space: pre;">Endeavour. 2008 Dec;32(4):134-40. doi: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2008.09.001. Epub 2008 Nov 18.</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><b>Gags, funnels and tubes: forced feeding of the insane and of suffragettes.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Williams EA1.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; white-space: pre;"><i><b>Abstract</b></i></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Just before the outbreak of World War I, British suffragettes were imprisoned in large numbers. </span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Many engaged in hunger strikes and suffered brutal treatment, most notoriously forced feeding. </span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Government authorities, backed by prominent physicians, justified forced feeding by citing</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> its successful use </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; white-space: pre;">with insane patients in asylums. </span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">In the nineteenth century forced feeding was, in fact, common in the asylum and much discussed</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> in leading medical publications. </span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Physicians generally ignored the feelings of patients, concentrating on technical problems</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> such as the design of feeding instruments. </span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Nor did critics amid the suffrage crisis sympathize with asylum patients. </span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">They defended women protesters but portrayed the force-fed insane as insensate. </span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Forced feeding of the insane was nonetheless tainted by its association with</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> the brutalization of suffragettes</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; white-space: pre;"> and in later years rarely discussed</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; white-space: pre;"> outside specialized psychiatric venues.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">PMID: 19019439 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2008.09.001</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">[Reference: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed">PubMed </a>- indexed for MEDLINE]</span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #4e4037; font-family: "pt sans"; font-size: 16px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-4f109dfa-7fff-7225-adb0-a313b9de1098"></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(</span>There are multiple points of similarity between government attempts to deal with 'absolutist' COs and the methods used against militant Suffragettes, especially when a hunger strike was involved.)</span></div>
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SmothPubshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13111109728985633135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8785092262719769427.post-45201632913563507072019-01-22T04:32:00.002-08:002019-02-28T00:41:12.130-08:00Mad To Refuse To Fight? Insanity and First World War COs<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">While a lot of work has been done on a) aspects of psychiatric practice in the First World War, especially ‘shell-shock’ in relation to the armed forces, and b) the history of conscientious objectors (COs), there is less information generally available on </span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">the experience of COs in relation to the psychiatry o</span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">f the time. Although institutional records of the treatment of individual patients may still be unavailable, it is possible to make a start with data already in the public domain, first and foremost (once again) the <a href="https://search.livesofthefirstworldwar.org/search/world-records/conscientious-objectors-register-1914-1918">Pearce Register online</a>. Keyword searching finds just over 30 'certified' insane, and a similar number said to have suffered some kind of mental breakdown, the latter at least almost certainly an underestimate. In each case any or all of a variety of particulars may be supplied, including: </span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">age, address, occupation, apparent motivation, diagnosis, and eventual outcome.</span></span></div>
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<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In addition, campaigners and COs themselves </span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">recounted not only the damage inflicted on bodies, but frequent fears that minds too were at grave risk. (Some of these have been quoted in a <a href="https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2016/10/insanity-and-first-world-war-cos.html">previous post</a>). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">References from </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Conscientious Objectors</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">of the Second World War: Refusing to Fight</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> by </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ann Kramer </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(Pen & Sword, 2014): </span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;">‘One young CO, S Cooper of Leeds, had actually gone insane because of the treatment he received [in Richmond Castle]’; </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">“Already I am half mad.” – James Brighthouse, Cleethorpes, June 1917; </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Fenner Brockway credited Sinn Feiners (Irish fellow-prisoners) with having saved his mind during solitary confinement by such means as smuggling papers; </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">while Harold Blake remembered suffering dreadfully in prison and fearing he was going insane. </span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sometimes this apprehension could be fostered deliberately, used as a threat or as an excuse for physical restraint, as reported by the writer in The </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: italic; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tribunal</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> of 23-1-19 who, informed by the Medical Officer (MO) that he was a lunatic, found himself in a straitjacket in a padded room. In another case, according to a report of the No-Conscription Fellowship (NCF) and COIB cited on the Register, the doctor ‘wanted to send [a Welsh Trade Unionist] to an asylum but NCF [was] able to prevent this’. Defiantly, J B Saunders confronted the possibility in </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: italic; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tribunal</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 20-9-17 (quoted by Kramer p.80): ‘My mind I will destroy rather than allow the military cult to take it.’ </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">The official Home Office Statistics for CO prisoners quoted in Kramer’s book (p.129) count only 27 who died and just 3 ‘certified insane’ out of 4,126. She herself reckons 31 ‘eventually went insane’ (p.82). The bland, ignorant or callous response of the government to expression of concern about such men has already been looked at in the context of </span><a href="https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2016/10/insanity-and-first-world-war-cos.html" style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">parliamentary debates</a><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">, as in: </span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">There is no reason for thinking that his insanity was in any way attributable to the treatment he received in prison.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">There have been twelve cases in which conscientious objectors have developed symptoms of insanity in prison, and it is clear that in all of them the insanity was due to causes and conditions existing before their conviction... </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><i>Q. </i></span></span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>Are there any prisoners who have developed insanity and who are still in prison?</i> - A .</span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">I should think that it is very unlikely. No doubt they are being looked after in the proper place. </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">The numbers of persons claiming to be conscientious objectors who have been certified insane are in Prison 13, in Work Centres 3. </span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">In all cases there was reason to believe that the insanity was due to conditions </span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">existing before their imprisonment.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<div>
One MP who was particularly assiduous in the cause of COs was the Quaker T E Harvey, whose voluminous correspondence on the matter can be consulted at Friends House (FH), Euston. Two of the many individual cases drawn to his attention were those of men listed below.<br />
<br />
<u>Summary notes</u>:<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">FH files, </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">T. E. Harvey. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Box 5 </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Re. <b>T. S. Overbury</b>. 22-11-16.</span><br style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" /><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(PQ 21-11) So as to anticipate the answer [to Parliamentary Question] that he is being forcibly fed, these are the </span><br style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" /><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">facts. Hunger strike for 36 days, 28 in Scrubs; took food 4 days, now on </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">h.s. since 10-11. He is being forcibly fed but such is his strength of will </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">that he makes himself sick so that he receives no nourishment and is, to </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">all intents and purposes, being starved to death. Urgency. Ask if he can </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">obtain food from outside in the manner he desires.</span><br style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" /><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">From the Parliamentary Secretary of N-C F.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">FH Box 5:<b>Albert F. Parrish</b> and brother. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Letter from C. Brightwest at Rowntree, Saffron Walden 5-4-1917 reports </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">AFP </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"> failed to get exemption at Local Tribunal (LT) and AppealTribunal (AT). Arrested, taken to Worsley then </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">Wormwood Scrubs (WS) 6 months. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">After seven weeks his wife got a brief official note from the </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">Governor of the prison: </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Dear Madam, </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">This is to inform you that your husband </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">has been certified as insane, and will shortly be removed for special </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">treatment. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">Wife asked what it meant and what would be done. Writer took </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">man's mother to WS </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">Saturday afternoon, saw Doctors; found where he was and </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">arranged for Mother to see him Monday a.m. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">To her he appeared perfectly </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">normal except that he said he had suffered from his head since he was at</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">Worsley where he </span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">was rather knocked about during the process of being </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">forcibly dressed in uniform</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">He told the Prison Doctor nothing about the </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">cause of his bad head. In London County Asylum at Epsom</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">, seen by wife, </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">brooding over the fact of being in the Asylum; convinced he would be all </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">right if liberated </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">and Asylum will make him worse. Still technically a </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">prisoner. No insanity in the family. </span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Law should be satisfied if working of </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">the Military Service Act has driven someone insane and impose no further penalty</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">Efforts should be to restore him to normal health. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">Brother A W Parrish turned down by Dunmow LT. Awaiting arrest and prepared to face </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">possibility of </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">becoming insane like his brother and 40-50 other COs.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">Box 2.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">Samuel</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">Cartwright. No- Conscription Fellowship (</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">N-CF). Correspondence with </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">Parliamentary Secretary. 21-4-17 Very sad case of CO evidently been driven quite </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">insane by experiences undergone in </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">prison</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">There was plenty of evidence at </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">the start of his persecution that he was in ill-health mentally; </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">authorities solely</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">responsible for his present condition </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">which leaves his </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">parents practically destitute. They have been given </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"> fourteen shillings in </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">full settlement at his discharge, a tacit admission of liability. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">Facts of case 15/17-4-17</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"> from Brian Longstaffe, Barrow in Furness - Lifelong </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">disease of the brain, unable to attend school. Sent to Non-Combatant Corps (NCC) - rejected </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">at medical </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">then ordered to report. Hospital, violent. Lancaster Asylum. Authorities </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">refused all information to </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"> parents. Discharged unfit 9-4-17. Money order. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">Likely to be permanent burden instead of support to his parents. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">Father invalid.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"> </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">A few case histories have been looked at in the context of <a href="https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2016/09/mad-to-oppose-war-four-cos-in-hanwell.html">Hanwell Asylum</a> and elsewhere (<a href="https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2016/08/more-scottish-first-world-war-cos-from.html">Shetland</a>). </span></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Towards an Overview</b></div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>Because of the incompleteness of the data,it is hardly possible to draw out any general conclusion as to a 'type' of CO who might have been particularly at risk of suffering mental illness. The most obvious finding is that they varied, as far as most of the headings go.</i></span></div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Who They Were</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>(plus or minus birth year) </i> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Baker I or J —</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Bamford Thomas 1888</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Burgess Henry 1880</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Burke John —</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Cartwright Samuel 1896</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Cook Alexander Robert 1877</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Davis Thomas —</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Elsworth Richard 1889</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Eungblut Alfred E. 1895</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">French Bertie 1897</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Frost Albert —</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Griffiths Owen 1877</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Harbord Evelyn Wilfred 1889</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Harrison George 1888</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Hook T —</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Hopkinson Claude John 1896</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Morgan Aneurin 1893</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nutter Henry 1877</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Overbury Timothy Sidney 1880</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Parrish Albert F. —</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Piper Frank 1884</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Pitcher William 1887</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ramsay George Hegarty 1890</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Shorley Herbert Alfred 1878</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Smith W. V. —</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Statton Alfred Ernest 1890</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Styche John 1890</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Taylor John —</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Watt Andrew May 1894</span><br />
<i><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span></i><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>Plus (not noted as certified')</i>… </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">J A Allbutt nervous breakdown</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">John Ballinger nervous breakdown while in prison</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">George E Bent nervous breakdown</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Brice J. W.or W. J. - threatened with being sent to </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">asylum</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> [Walter John Brice]</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Sidney Cooper mental illness</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Alfred Anscombe Hart (Islington) mental breakdown</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">W E Herring nervous breakdown</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Horace Walter Lerpiniere (Walthamstow) nervous breakdown</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">William Raistrick 'Nervous breakdown' 17.1.19</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Edward Ridgeway (International Socialist) nervous breakdown… caused him </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">to accept HOS…</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Sydney Smith nervous breakdown </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Leo George Spencer (East Ham) nervous breakdown</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">J Watt nervous breakdown</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Robert Henry Noble illness, mental, 31.12.18</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Cyril Lawrence Newton Butler Mental Illness - 'Feeblemindedness'</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Frederick John Cox mental derangement in Wandsworth</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">John Ferrier Lamont (Aberdeen) 'Congenital Mental Instability'</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">John Eric Langdon-Davies mental illness - melancholia in Wormwood S., </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">'neurotic and unstable'</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Harry Phipps (Harringay) signs of mental derangement</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<b style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Where They Were From</b></div>
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<i>Northern Isles to Channel coast</i></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Barnes, Surrey</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Burslem, Staffs.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Glamorganshire</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Dulwich</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Morecambe</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Barrow in Furness</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Shetland</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Barnoldswick Yorks.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">St Pancras</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Haverhill, Suffolk</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Bletchley, Bucks.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Glamorganshire</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ipswich</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Liverpool </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Derbyshire</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Port Talbot, Glam.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Brotherhood Church, Beeston, Leeds</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Thaxted Essex</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">St Agnes, Truro, Cornwall</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Walsall, Staffs.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Chelsea</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Kettering</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Clapton</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Cardiff</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Warwickshire</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">West Ham</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<b style="white-space: pre-wrap;">What They Did</b></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ovenman</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Shorthand writer</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Watch and clock repairer</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Schoolteacher (2)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Weaver former Baker</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Piano Tuner</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Upholsterer</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Card puncher</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Hosier and Draper</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Church worker</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Cycle dealer</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Carpenter and wheelwright</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Saddle bar maker</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Artist</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">bricklayer </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Wood sawyer/machinist</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Farm Labourer</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<div>
<b style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Why They Were COs</b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>(<b>possibly</b>) i.e. '<b>Motivation</b>'</i></span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg85hBkyqw8vdT9uPd61MLw_rkAyezzQmywzfFnn4xtaiI8hFwKhftFWWtRalVA5sXlBWVAaOVIm2_MAcKommduN5X8zooSIIxWJ8bpXTBH5tNuqCHP7HjrCp9Ad3in9O18zpgvDy_82rsG/s1600/20190122_105818-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg85hBkyqw8vdT9uPd61MLw_rkAyezzQmywzfFnn4xtaiI8hFwKhftFWWtRalVA5sXlBWVAaOVIm2_MAcKommduN5X8zooSIIxWJ8bpXTBH5tNuqCHP7HjrCp9Ad3in9O18zpgvDy_82rsG/s400/20190122_105818-2.jpg" width="290" /></a></div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Trade unionist</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Occasional Quaker Attender (Peckham); </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">NCF (No-Conscription Fellowship) (4) </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Wesleyan Methodist</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Presbyterian (3)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Quaker </span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Christadelphian </span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Not attached to any know </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">organisation</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Baptist </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Primitive Methodist</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Wesleyan</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">ILP (Independent Labour Party)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Roman Catholic </span><br />
<br />
<div>
<b style="white-space: pre-wrap;">What Happened, What Was Said</b><br />
<i style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>(selection)</b></i></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Doctor wanted to send Brice to an asylum but NCF able to prevent this </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Question in House (Q in H) 10.6.18 re his mental state - Is he now in an asylum? </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Q in H 20.6.17 re his being sent to hospital (etc.) </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Rejected at medical - Mental Illness - long-standing condition </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Hunger strike 24.3.17 to 10.4.17 - 'borderline insane' transfer to </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">asylum </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Illness, mental 28.10.18 '. went raving mad'; to Lunatic Asylum </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">'Padded cell' at Shepton Mallet; 28.1.18 'Certified insane' - serving </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(?) sentence 9.5.19 </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Recently discharged from Derbyshire Asylum and rejected by Army Medical </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Board </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Temporarily to Lancaster Asylum due to loss of memory</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;">(the unfortunately named Henry Nutter)</span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Central Tribunal Nos. W.1532 Class: C - Political </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Medical Board report - 'Is of low mentality and obsessed with </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">religious ideas against war but not certifiably insane'. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Discharged from asylum by order of Secretary of State 4.2.19 </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> 'No longer physically fit for service' - 'delusional </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">insanity' </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">London CM (Court Martial) Torquay 23.4.17 - Guilty but insane; Mental </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Illness </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Mental Illness - 'Feebleminded', 'Insane', 'Imbecile' </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Q in H 5.2.18 re his suicide on the 20th January* </span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i><br /></i>
<i><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Some of the stories outlined in the records will be examined in more detail in subsequent posts.</span></i></div>
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SmothPubshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13111109728985633135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8785092262719769427.post-70714904963193116732019-01-01T04:14:00.001-08:002019-04-23T10:00:06.647-07:00A no-longer-obscure anniversary: centenary of the loss of the Iolaire<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>New Year's Day news stories from the BBC (Scotland)</b></div>
<br />
<a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-scotland-46687762/iolaire-disaster-near-stornoway-remembered&source=gmail&ust=1546427008029000&usg=AFQjCNEH3imXgoExNzE9JqV-sNrSQSqfNQ" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-scotland-46687762/iolaire-disaster-near-stornoway-remembered" rel="noreferrer" style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/<wbr></wbr>uk-scotland-46687762/iolaire-d<wbr></wbr>isaster-near-stornoway-remembe<wbr></wbr>red</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> - 1 minute video clip.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" />
<a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-46522918&source=gmail&ust=1546427008029000&usg=AFQjCNHqjtU9Rd-JjFL2WQZm4dAK9DPo0g" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-46522918" rel="noreferrer" style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-<wbr></wbr>scotland-46522918</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">The Iolaire disaster: </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">The 'crowning sorrow of the war' - Iain MacInnes</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">National commemorative service to recall Iolaire disaster </span><br />
<a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-46633716&source=gmail&ust=1546427008029000&usg=AFQjCNFef3henDR6m-s6Nhqku6ymDgq8Ag" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-46633716" rel="noreferrer" style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-<wbr></wbr>scotland-highlands-islands-466<wbr></wbr>33716</a><br />
<br />
And on <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/naidheachdan">BBC Alba</a> (Gaelic) - <span style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: "helmet" , "freesans" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><b>Call na h-Iolaire</b></span><br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/naidheachdan/46732381">https://www.bbc.co.uk/naidheachdan/46732381</a> - Service, and other events: <span style="background-color: white; color: #1e1e1e; font-family: "helmet" , "freesans" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">Cuirmean is seirbheisean cuimhneachaidh na h-Iolaire</span><br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/naidheachdan/46731473">https://www.bbc.co.uk/naidheachdan/46731473</a> -Short summary, clips of two survivors: <span style="background-color: white; color: #1e1e1e; font-family: "helmet" , "freesans" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">Sùil air tubaist na h-Iolaire, 1919</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #1e1e1e; font-family: "helmet" , "freesans" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #1e1e1e; font-family: "helmet" , "freesans" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/naidheachdan/46731471">https://www.bbc.co.uk/naidheachdan/46731471</a> - Art installation at Holm: </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1e1e1e; font-family: "helmet" , "freesans" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">Carragh-chuimhne ann an Tolm</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #1e1e1e; font-family: "helmet" , "freesans" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #1e1e1e; font-family: "helmet" , "freesans" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/naidheachdan/46731475">https://www.bbc.co.uk/naidheachdan/46731475</a> - Dedicated Shinty game: </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1e1e1e; font-family: "helmet" , "freesans" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">Geama iomain na h-Iolaire</span><br />
<br />
(POSTSCRIPT)<br />
<a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-46822655">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-46822655</a> - Seen from space<br />
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<figure class="gmail-media-landscape gmail-has-caption gmail-full-width gmail-lead" style="background-color: #111111; border: 0px; clear: both; color: #404040; font-family: Helmet, Freesans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="gmail-image-and-copyright-container" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Satellite image showing Iolaire commemoration" class="gmail-js-image-replace" height="549" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/660/cpsprodpb/14797/production/_105136838_imagetwo.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: #bdbdbd; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: 645.781px;" width="976" /><span class="gmail-off-screen" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px , 1px , 1px , 1px); color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;">SImage copyright</span><span class="gmail-story-image-copyright" style="background: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.6); border: 0px; bottom: 0px; color: #ececec; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; right: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">SENTINEL HUB EO BROWSER</span></span><figcaption class="gmail-media-caption" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span class="gmail-off-screen" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px , 1px , 1px , 1px); color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;">Image caption</span><span class="gmail-media-caption__text" style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8125rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.23077; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The image shows vessels involved in the New Year's Day Iolaire commemoration</span></figcaption></figure><br />
<div class="gmail-story-body__introduction" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 28px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>"A procession of boats forming part of a commemoration to mark 100 years since the Western Isles' Iolaire disaster was captured in a satellite image... by an amateur astronomer... [who] lives in Stornoway."</b></span></div>
<div class="gmail-story-body__introduction" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 28px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i style="background-color: transparent;">Previously on this blog (relevant posts): </i></div>
<br />
<a href="https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2013/09/an-island-community-and-world-at-war.html">https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2013/09/an-island-community-and-world-at-war.html</a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2016/07/not-all-like-lambs-to-slaughter.html">https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2016/07/not-all-like-lambs-to-slaughter.html</a><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtwXMAtRJjeuRWHYMELxzcbE5QTAWh-26H0EB0pEMBW_lgsNfLOZc202sQXfZUufsuB8g7hEkJn9tHouOGCtCk1Zz2FAUuCpI0Pxt4hPcYjn2pXrN_zoGlu_Sf3w-dgiqKXURw3XI8hXO4/s1600/20190101_104432-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtwXMAtRJjeuRWHYMELxzcbE5QTAWh-26H0EB0pEMBW_lgsNfLOZc202sQXfZUufsuB8g7hEkJn9tHouOGCtCk1Zz2FAUuCpI0Pxt4hPcYjn2pXrN_zoGlu_Sf3w-dgiqKXURw3XI8hXO4/s640/20190101_104432-1.jpg" width="405" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><i style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.524px; text-align: start; text-indent: 48px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Around the Peat-Fire</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 48px;">, by Calum Smith (Edinburgh, Birlinn, 2001), p.21</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Since Calum Smith wrote about the Iolaire in chapter 3 of his book, several more accounts have been published, most recently a major study from <a href="http://www.acairbooks.com/categories/non-fiction-titles/reference/the-darkest-dawn-(1).aspx">Acair Books, Stornoway</a> -<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0A6ttAP5iGopgcjMspQoArOf_HoS0lGZOhzt_MeuEAalz97p2N8Rf2hpCLCGjmbqhbNnEsAHJuT3N5reo8ajf9fvqa_NeaSYoVkLDuq2jwUkBnwVnVQq_p56qg4USCWnw5BghUQLzHvsx/s1600/20190101_113819-1.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="393" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0A6ttAP5iGopgcjMspQoArOf_HoS0lGZOhzt_MeuEAalz97p2N8Rf2hpCLCGjmbqhbNnEsAHJuT3N5reo8ajf9fvqa_NeaSYoVkLDuq2jwUkBnwVnVQq_p56qg4USCWnw5BghUQLzHvsx/s400/20190101_113819-1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
Among the lost seamen whose families and stories the authors have researched is Calum's paternal uncle John Smith, whom he remembered on the page reproduced above:<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieVhi21MuyctJuNUm1OeIITd8t611wm8lnQ0K1nt8xpglkB76mpISO5hNE8fLoqp0WGuN7OO0Q1uT91CfcyuMM7S8znVpRY8zALjoBJhrD2GDd2mUgwM_qMAU-Pdb0UZbXfN2WdwaSp2iP/s1600/image2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieVhi21MuyctJuNUm1OeIITd8t611wm8lnQ0K1nt8xpglkB76mpISO5hNE8fLoqp0WGuN7OO0Q1uT91CfcyuMM7S8znVpRY8zALjoBJhrD2GDd2mUgwM_qMAU-Pdb0UZbXfN2WdwaSp2iP/s640/image2.jpg" width="392" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">('Safety' was Calum's nickname, shared by most of his brothers)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDMFhjDWdtFfyV5bjzzGu-CqZ3naxbsHb261RDN6symybBfFOW77-rhYM6zPVJZgSa9cV3DsEfDAJiza_XgG8HrzetQDCKniCRWSNGlW96nVjSB7bbgh74OZUVfo59EuwUSml7FTrzQHdy/s1600/image1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDMFhjDWdtFfyV5bjzzGu-CqZ3naxbsHb261RDN6symybBfFOW77-rhYM6zPVJZgSa9cV3DsEfDAJiza_XgG8HrzetQDCKniCRWSNGlW96nVjSB7bbgh74OZUVfo59EuwUSml7FTrzQHdy/s400/image1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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At least two of Calum's own nephews have in turn participated in the renewed commemorative effort, helping to inform researchers and reporters about the family connection.SmothPubshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13111109728985633135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8785092262719769427.post-7759625007208941652018-12-19T14:21:00.002-08:002019-01-02T04:56:41.321-08:00An obscure centenary (continued)<i>A little more about</i><br />
<b>Margaret Isobel Smith/ Peggy Flett 19-12-1918 - 7-7-2015</b><br />
<i>as promised, although more briefly than planned</i>.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ0HLxSjvuZSHKFZwRCBPdFf5XYQdjhXhtkj-fS2bZIpjW7uuvbq93O0jvNB7aUnctjAdFX_xJCYA-6Es07os4evwmnOvwQsPhE-YrxFcKaU4Z687lEjeq4TWir5XQweS-q-E3lLAmA4qi/s1600/20171127_210055_2_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ0HLxSjvuZSHKFZwRCBPdFf5XYQdjhXhtkj-fS2bZIpjW7uuvbq93O0jvNB7aUnctjAdFX_xJCYA-6Es07os4evwmnOvwQsPhE-YrxFcKaU4Z687lEjeq4TWir5XQweS-q-E3lLAmA4qi/s200/20171127_210055_2_2.jpg" width="178" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">Slightly rose-tinted</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
From the heyday of the fishing industry, as she <a href="https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2018/12/looking-back-at-1920s-stornoway-from-60.html">described</a> it, to the strategic importance of Lewis in the Second World War, Peggy's early life can be seen as reflecting in several ways the changing fortunes of the town of Stornoway more generally.<br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In those days Stornoway in the summer months was a busy bustling town. The harbour was crammed with herring drifters, the sea front lined with curers’ yards, and the smoke from the kippering sheds sending its aromatic presence far out to sea. The population must have increased four fold at least with the influx of curer</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">s, coopers and fishworkers."</span><br />
<br />
For a time her upbringing and that of her older sister and younger brother was, by her account:<br />
'<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">somewhat Edwardian with a nursemaid in attendance and a constant insistence on “manners” and decorum. We wore “best clothes” for Sunday and paraded solemnly to Sunday School in flannel coats </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">–</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> button boots, and black velour hats in winter and patent leather shoes and Panama hats in summer – and always our “collections” tucked into our gloves.'</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYwDXISbg6Az75LMFE8ZPZ3QlMpGq-LSj48WNStClpVPYd6E6L5-QjgzisWB42QbkYjfSsqkXklWmr5LD9P-TlgCtFN4j7sFlRUrtG5NTX7Ey0uOhOvrrNi8r3s4F6Tlal-8mgnAJorsns/s1600/The+Spire.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYwDXISbg6Az75LMFE8ZPZ3QlMpGq-LSj48WNStClpVPYd6E6L5-QjgzisWB42QbkYjfSsqkXklWmr5LD9P-TlgCtFN4j7sFlRUrtG5NTX7Ey0uOhOvrrNi8r3s4F6Tlal-8mgnAJorsns/s400/The+Spire.jpg" width="280" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Featuring John Maclean, towards bottom right</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span>This was not the 'Sabbath School'of the Free Church, and the three children, decorous or not, would have escaped the worst excesses of repressive religion, at least as far as their home environment was concerned. Their late grandfather John Maclean, a well-known local shopkeeper and self-made man in his day, is on record as subscribing to the appeal for funds to construct a spire on Martin's Memorial Church of Scotland, just down the road from the family home in Francis Street.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjugvMOeh_oA6NkLgrGTmiHeJkQulXfkb8qTQ0hNMEjaCfQsH1RDNRUIoBPuP3UVSe2-FxmfLPk3lh9PxW6kFah6hWHjlPM5_zDStry3jjRa0iLtTQoaMZEJaajJwOTyP8Rx02O8ROUIQpM/s1600/20170806_081348_2_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjugvMOeh_oA6NkLgrGTmiHeJkQulXfkb8qTQ0hNMEjaCfQsH1RDNRUIoBPuP3UVSe2-FxmfLPk3lh9PxW6kFah6hWHjlPM5_zDStry3jjRa0iLtTQoaMZEJaajJwOTyP8Rx02O8ROUIQpM/s400/20170806_081348_2_2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Stornoway from the air 1932</td></tr>
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A few years later, after a temporary sojourn in north-east Scotland (Buckie and Findochty, the stronghold of the Fletts), the now growing family returned to Stornoway. With the depression, money was scarcer and the living less gracious. The town was still lively in its way, especially for youngsters with the freedom to roam the streets. Peggy's brother won renown as a leader of one of the street 'gangs' of boys, his exploits recalled by at least one of his henchmen 80 years later.<br />
<br />
Although her intelligence enabled her to benefit from her education in the prestigious Nicolson Institute, schooldays were not always happy at a time when most teachers still ruled by terror. Peggy's own 80+-year-old memories included still-resented incidents of bullying, unfairness, and victimisation, not usually of herself but of more vulnerable and worse-off pupils.<br />
<br />
There were always compensations, and she was good at making the most of them. Membership of the recently re-formed Stornoway Girl Guides meant a lot to her, providing an escape from the chores and child-minding she was expected to spend so much of her time on at home.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0On4RW8dVdIWZSA4UXoFGnWYhnjoAZYg4SJUB0IZWeWv4G-625AWSOfwn7osSjfjPLROGQkwPHLfAyFTKHHJdbQRXyT7D5ewyp6lzbe6IcaWn9Bfm_9Nj80O_lwJ5GEuC5iiX27j4Wxvc/s1600/SY+Guides+1937.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0On4RW8dVdIWZSA4UXoFGnWYhnjoAZYg4SJUB0IZWeWv4G-625AWSOfwn7osSjfjPLROGQkwPHLfAyFTKHHJdbQRXyT7D5ewyp6lzbe6IcaWn9Bfm_9Nj80O_lwJ5GEuC5iiX27j4Wxvc/s400/SY+Guides+1937.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Stornoway Guides, 1930s.<br />
Peggy is the middle one of the three on the extreme right.</td></tr>
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Unlike her older sister, who left school to work in the Post Office, Peggy stayed on and completed her secondary education with some success. She did not proceed to a university; it was not felt by the family that it would be financially viable for her to do so.<br />
<br />
Instead her first employment was with the local Labour Exchange, the Burroo (Bureau of Employment), something of a growth sector in the 1930s. The story of how she heard about the job is told by <a href="https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2012/02/malcolm-calum-smith-centenary-29th-may.html">Calum Smith</a> in 'Around the Peat-Fire'.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4ZbicveCdwSoyEuIbGlEAsTI3q5EnHKY8XUxoWZYkp11LMY7RrJRWvSVoWZU6w6DFRWC1Gj_8vg5F9h7C_Sq396bxRjgqoMmKlPKWMjrZpihY9veJCjNK77dCwJeXt7-Tw82IboRGwCqw/s1600/20170324_213137_2_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4ZbicveCdwSoyEuIbGlEAsTI3q5EnHKY8XUxoWZYkp11LMY7RrJRWvSVoWZU6w6DFRWC1Gj_8vg5F9h7C_Sq396bxRjgqoMmKlPKWMjrZpihY9veJCjNK77dCwJeXt7-Tw82IboRGwCqw/s400/20170324_213137_2_2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">Late 1930s </td></tr>
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The story of how that job was ended and her subsequent work obtained is told by Peggy herself in a short <a href="https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2017/02/history-of-stornoway-airport-fragment.html">memoir</a> about Stornoway aerodrome in wartime.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8fncGHXZBE3DfwRwn0GNNM2MneAvUxwpagaEnpnZc6me38bw9neh79eh1__CfbYr0ixFtFlvqtSA-nkQATT3_aP0ENyoHqeZaYQxDcFwNTlL21IJCAjTL1qcG-uUyg-B34i7od2u4sHg7/s1600/20170519_100525_2_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8fncGHXZBE3DfwRwn0GNNM2MneAvUxwpagaEnpnZc6me38bw9neh79eh1__CfbYr0ixFtFlvqtSA-nkQATT3_aP0ENyoHqeZaYQxDcFwNTlL21IJCAjTL1qcG-uUyg-B34i7od2u4sHg7/s400/20170519_100525_2_2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">1943</td></tr>
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</div>
On 19 November 1942 Peggy and Calum were married, quietly, in wartime Stornoway, after a courtship that featured many long walks in the Castle Grounds.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhf5hmhPOq6l-9OhOfUu4DnYJG53OuafMRiee2QbgD_9u3-5FMUVnyVRtR0E3JVU5RBldceBhnVSbomSfwBkk-u5uwSoKvB5-cf7-_pRkukIhbZ1cAmONwa7Fg3J82vSW9-3_0BiQnp8Cz/s1600/20170501_110407_2_3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhf5hmhPOq6l-9OhOfUu4DnYJG53OuafMRiee2QbgD_9u3-5FMUVnyVRtR0E3JVU5RBldceBhnVSbomSfwBkk-u5uwSoKvB5-cf7-_pRkukIhbZ1cAmONwa7Fg3J82vSW9-3_0BiQnp8Cz/s400/20170501_110407_2_3.jpg" width="382" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A path in the Castle \Grounds</td></tr>
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Of course she continued to be very much an independent-minded individual in her own right, but their subsequent stories are intertwined.<br />
<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJx9sUukybfUP9ahAldXyxC2TBVRogbTR3xVArZGqyG5zwdXw6-0qeu7Gw12652EiuCW7iz-si0rgJg9S_DhL8wawcw4jJJD7zL46OvP7ZesG7sfhmVJc5YyZLAYdltDwRQcpAfk5J6D8_/s1600/20170730_164842_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJx9sUukybfUP9ahAldXyxC2TBVRogbTR3xVArZGqyG5zwdXw6-0qeu7Gw12652EiuCW7iz-si0rgJg9S_DhL8wawcw4jJJD7zL46OvP7ZesG7sfhmVJc5YyZLAYdltDwRQcpAfk5J6D8_/s400/20170730_164842_2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Looking back at Stornoway from Holm, 2017</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPJq5FItIfsism-ds4I7daQ7YnPD63jkYq0XZ2m2Ca0GMebuwJWmHIGzTwesX8vfNFuBp0fczKR4akrMJAZXiQ0Tfn74O4N-JPehrcn7CgwppigkWd1hqAhOSq835Y0Q05Vp81kc7KqCRT/s1600/20170801_102929-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPJq5FItIfsism-ds4I7daQ7YnPD63jkYq0XZ2m2Ca0GMebuwJWmHIGzTwesX8vfNFuBp0fczKR4akrMJAZXiQ0Tfn74O4N-JPehrcn7CgwppigkWd1hqAhOSq835Y0Q05Vp81kc7KqCRT/s400/20170801_102929-1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">The present-day town: sites of change and continuity.<br />
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<br />SmothPubshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13111109728985633135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8785092262719769427.post-29367948392357217792018-12-11T03:14:00.001-08:002019-01-02T05:00:13.486-08:00Looking Back at 1920s Stornoway from 60 years on.<i>In a rare return to exercising her writing talents (apart from letters to family and friends), Peggy (Flett) Smith once penned a short account of how she had perceived Stornoway as a child.</i><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCv3m_EF9L0U_FahgwjIK67Psqeu6y0HK2puVaW5QzRYhQk2DgNRVHb6G3yGyZF7DwRkvkcX4xGIUqPdspRz46Zsd7lk_7XE-JBfkVzDlkTFe_qS8sE2pN1TIKCkSUTyg5youEsh0lHD7q/s1600/20171112_104312_2_2.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCv3m_EF9L0U_FahgwjIK67Psqeu6y0HK2puVaW5QzRYhQk2DgNRVHb6G3yGyZF7DwRkvkcX4xGIUqPdspRz46Zsd7lk_7XE-JBfkVzDlkTFe_qS8sE2pN1TIKCkSUTyg5youEsh0lHD7q/s400/20171112_104312_2_2.jpg" width="400" /></a></i></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Other Times, Other Places</b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Recollections of Life in Stornoway iin the 1920s</b></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSQhYe1VEKFjX78hmBE12b0-jST9_LFM6XwAPdQmjR2EwluSy-ZTpWr3hjlDf_Ypc0UU7WEae6aTy0HKgONjLw2pJEq9YoTJfCVKYPyoQkgCkr5TQrTSjspEF_LI0oTY1W3KzgFPtTfUug/s1600/20180103_180356_2_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: right;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSQhYe1VEKFjX78hmBE12b0-jST9_LFM6XwAPdQmjR2EwluSy-ZTpWr3hjlDf_Ypc0UU7WEae6aTy0HKgONjLw2pJEq9YoTJfCVKYPyoQkgCkr5TQrTSjspEF_LI0oTY1W3KzgFPtTfUug/s320/20180103_180356_2_2.jpg" width="216" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A view of old Stornoway</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
My earliest memories of Stornoway are seen, not through a glass darkly, but through rose-tinted spectacles.The herring fleet had not yet declined, the summers were always sunny, and for the duration of the Minch fishing which was primarily the months of June July and August the town was a lively bustling place to live. Far out to sea the smell of kippering was borne on the winds - a sure sign to the exiles returning home from the city tenements for their annual holiday that they were nearing their longed-for ancestral homes.<br />
<br />
<br />
The town was quiet at night through the week when the boats were at sea but morning brought their return, success or failure indicated by the number of screeching herring gulls in attendance and then the scene rapidly changed. Sample baskets of fish were swung ashore and taken to the Fish Mart where the buyers with much deliberation and solemnity made their bids. Then the waiting carters came into their own, transporting each ship's catch to the curers' yards. These yards or "stations" were leased by a host of curers - Woodgers, Stephens, Fletts and McConnochies, alien names at one time but now [<i>in the 1920s</i>] as familiar as the local Macivers, Mackenzies and Macleods.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">
<i><a href="https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2018/11/a-stornoway-girl-from-away.html">P.F./M.I.S.</a></i></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<i>Written probably in the mid-1980s.</i></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5Z7s_SPa45yREGlGfc4GKzJ7l8TXFWjLk2VYgwaV2hix8em1E32TM69L8zRjzwAHwroJSTMk7J5XbahnV5BP14ySs78h6NnZPu_aMjwZgdty_73bfZY4NZUu1mkuLXcrV-4WMJH1QJjZN/s1600/20170731_102401.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5Z7s_SPa45yREGlGfc4GKzJ7l8TXFWjLk2VYgwaV2hix8em1E32TM69L8zRjzwAHwroJSTMk7J5XbahnV5BP14ySs78h6NnZPu_aMjwZgdty_73bfZY4NZUu1mkuLXcrV-4WMJH1QJjZN/s400/20170731_102401.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The fishing industry remembered in modern Stornoway.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>--------------------------------------</i><br />
<i>POSTSCRIPT</i><br />
<i>From </i>Timeline in <i><b>SY Gone By</b></i>, <a href="http://stornowayhistoricalsociety.org.uk/">Stornoway Historical Society</a> Journal<br />
Winter/Spring 2018/2019, pp.4-5</div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<i><br /></i></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<i>1917 </i><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: inherit;">75,000 barrels of cured herring lying on the piers at Stornoway with the Government refusing to issue a permit for their export. They were eventually exported to Russia but were landed at the same time as the Revolution and were never paid for.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<i>1922 </i><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: inherit;">3000 barrels of cured herring exported to Hamburg, Germany.</span></div>
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<i><br /></i></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<i>1923 </i><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: inherit;">Russian agreement to buy 250,000 barrels of cured herring.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<i><br /></i></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<i>1927 </i><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: inherit;">Stornoway's greatest year as a herring port. Estimated 30 million herring taken from Loch Erisort alone in a 6-week period.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>------------------------</i></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white;">
<div style="color: #222222; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #4c4c4c; font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">"By 1876, the demand for fishing stations in Stornoway harbour was so great that they were let out to the highest bidders... Before long, the town was recognised as the major herring port of Britain – if not of Europe."</span><br />
<span style="color: #4c4c4c; font-family: inherit; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="color: #4c4c4c; font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">- </span><a href="http://stornowayhistoricalsociety.org.uk/herringindustry/" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">http://stornowayhistoricalsociety.org.uk/herringindustry/</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
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<i><br /></i></div>
SmothPubshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13111109728985633135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8785092262719769427.post-15850879644184988352018-11-16T04:19:00.001-08:002019-02-05T01:37:54.928-08:00A Stornoway Girl from AwayIn her centenary year, it is intended that this blog will look at the earlier part of the 'ordinary' life of Margaret Isobel (Peggy) Flett, married surname Smith, 19th December 1918 to 7th July 2015, in the context of her time, with particular attention to interactions with the town of Stornoway on the Isle of Lewis.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNcrKm0SNOipACac_c_Gy5YuxkeR3Tvse_Q3tm1cFgRjymvzCRyK95ebZ6gYuzA9mzm_Yl8nQhAZpGijSMrjTJ1AuctyYRPulOfRwuAzJmIc76U5f_EP33TZhyw8sIFWrkwUWmLiCS0VqB/s1600/SY+views+double.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1109" data-original-width="1600" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNcrKm0SNOipACac_c_Gy5YuxkeR3Tvse_Q3tm1cFgRjymvzCRyK95ebZ6gYuzA9mzm_Yl8nQhAZpGijSMrjTJ1AuctyYRPulOfRwuAzJmIc76U5f_EP33TZhyw8sIFWrkwUWmLiCS0VqB/s400/SY+views+double.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
By way of Introduction and taster, here are some links to previous posts:-</div>
<br />
<b style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Family background</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Two great-grandmothers</b><br />
<a href="https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2017/07/lewis-connections-and-coincidences.html">https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2017/07/lewis-connections-and-coincidences.html</a><br />
<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">In December 1913 a grandson of </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">Catherine</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"> (via her second son, Alexander), married a grand-daughter of Janet via Jessie. </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">In due course there were therefore joint great-grandchildren of Janet and Catherine, and so on unto the third and fourth (so far) generations.</span></span><br />
<br />
Ancestry. Mostly <b>Paternal </b>(Flett) side<br />
<a href="https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2018/06/examples-of-family-reading-in-scotland.html">https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2018/06/examples-of-family-reading-in-scotland.html</a><br />
<span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: #333333; font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">Among the many Flett families of Findochty this one had achieved comparative prosperity by the 1890s, owning fishyards as far away as Stornoway. It was mainly Alexander's father James who built up the family fortunes, establishing himself as a well-known figure in the fishing community of the north east, nicknamed 'the Auld Cooper.' This group of siblings were probably the first generation of the family to have the resources and motivation to acquire books - apart from those required for religious observance - in any numbers.</span><br />
<br />
<a href="https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2016/05/a-findochty-flett-in-canada.html">https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2016/05/a-findochty-flett-in-canada.html</a><br />
<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">Joseph Flett was aged 27 when he sailed to North America in August 1915, 28 when his young wife and baby daughter joined him in <a href="http://smothpubs.blogspot.co.uk/2016/04/a-stornoway-girl-in-new-york-100-years.html" style="color: #993322; text-decoration: none;">May 1916</a>. While he may at that time have intended to make a permanent home in Canada, circumstances decreed otherwise and he had returned to Scotland 13 years before his novel </span><i style="color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><a href="http://smothpubs.blogspot.co.uk/2014/05/diamonds-among-silver-darlings.html" style="color: #993322; text-decoration: none;">Bid for Fortune</a></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"> was published in 1934. </span></span><br />
<br />
<a href="https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2014/05/diamonds-among-silver-darlings.html">https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2014/05/diamonds-among-silver-darlings.html</a><br />
<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">This summer sees the 80</span><sup style="color: #333333; font-family: calibri;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">th</span></sup><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"> anniversary of the publication of an unusual novel, “Bid for Fortune” by “J.S.” (real name Joseph, no middle name) Flett - not a famous one by any means but worthy of some consideration from several points of view, not least in its historical context… </span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
(And other posts about Joe Flett and his novel.)</div>
<br />
Mostly <b>Maternal </b>(Maclean) side<br />
<a href="https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2018/03/a-trip-to-mainland-from-stornoway-1952.html">https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2018/03/a-trip-to-mainland-from-stornoway-1952.html</a><br />
An aunt's letter<br />
<span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: #002060; font-family: "bradley hand itc"; font-size: 19px; line-height: 20px;">Dear Peggy,</span><br />
<br />
<a href="https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2016/04/a-stornoway-girl-in-new-york-100-years.html">https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2016/04/a-stornoway-girl-in-new-york-100-years.html</a><br />
A letter from mother to grandmother<br />
<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">The writer of the letter transcribed below, aged 22 at the time of writing, was the daughter of a Stornoway shopkeeper. After some time as a student at the prestigious </span><a href="http://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/how-edinburgh-school-of-cookery-altered-lives-1-3423195" style="color: #993322; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-decoration: none;">Atholl Crescent College</a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"> of Domestic Science in Edinburgh, in 1913 she married Joe Flett from Findochty, whose family's fish-curing business took him to Canada in August 1915. </span></span><br />
<br />
<b>Siblings</b><br />
<a href="https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2017/09/so-proud-he-registered-her-twice.html">https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2017/09/so-proud-he-registered-her-twice.html</a><br />
Older sister<br />
<span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">It was as 'Marjory Joan Flett' that the baby's birth on 5th February 1915 was registered - twice.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #c0a154; color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><br /></span>
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQekfilDbZ6gzlcvM3xexwIzAQe-PY3bMhGXlqjuKOvJ6DZ4-RhRXedoM1ODocyGfzatZKhfZ_mhX8J58r0i9HFgvo2UqADu0roQMX-85GxXSCmx7ek0P0cFnCl56SJc3f5SFzDdkeFBY5/s1600/Dundee+studio_Sandy%252C+Marjory+and+Peggy+Flett.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDV6FavNkw8SGk1uzRG8c1ggywJk52zn60FW2RR7AVnKcKlEjf2auLD3sTvk_vxNPtOAvJRuSjzZv_CdC5DPDsszCIh6qlBckWJsbUXtQMq75Gtz4izESKa1kBY-ur3blp905bEtLAugOh/s1600/008+Canada+kids.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1420" data-original-width="1015" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDV6FavNkw8SGk1uzRG8c1ggywJk52zn60FW2RR7AVnKcKlEjf2auLD3sTvk_vxNPtOAvJRuSjzZv_CdC5DPDsszCIh6qlBckWJsbUXtQMq75Gtz4izESKa1kBY-ur3blp905bEtLAugOh/s320/008+Canada+kids.jpg" width="228" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The three children of Joe and Lizzie, in Canada</td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVMnKLaONWnx7OEuxPFOBqRPnQonEsDblx6Y9Z_LiEJ86sRk2KlFznUI_qhtjV05TRLVKsdrx4OQvs9sV2owypxKA40FMB8RWXsDBqR4SS_J99xN2MU92DRJ6B3Vy_VRh1fKAm1pr-x3CY/s1600/009+Maclean+Flett+trio.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1143" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVMnKLaONWnx7OEuxPFOBqRPnQonEsDblx6Y9Z_LiEJ86sRk2KlFznUI_qhtjV05TRLVKsdrx4OQvs9sV2owypxKA40FMB8RWXsDBqR4SS_J99xN2MU92DRJ6B3Vy_VRh1fKAm1pr-x3CY/s200/009+Maclean+Flett+trio.jpg" width="142" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Later, in Scotland. - Not a very happy time</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQekfilDbZ6gzlcvM3xexwIzAQe-PY3bMhGXlqjuKOvJ6DZ4-RhRXedoM1ODocyGfzatZKhfZ_mhX8J58r0i9HFgvo2UqADu0roQMX-85GxXSCmx7ek0P0cFnCl56SJc3f5SFzDdkeFBY5/s1600/Dundee+studio_Sandy%252C+Marjory+and+Peggy+Flett.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="858" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQekfilDbZ6gzlcvM3xexwIzAQe-PY3bMhGXlqjuKOvJ6DZ4-RhRXedoM1ODocyGfzatZKhfZ_mhX8J58r0i9HFgvo2UqADu0roQMX-85GxXSCmx7ek0P0cFnCl56SJc3f5SFzDdkeFBY5/s400/Dundee+studio_Sandy%252C+Marjory+and+Peggy+Flett.jpg" width="213" /></a><br />
<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzpWHQVbIyFQ1RNcf4J79lzfQG9EbxjyXK02OV1R2pog1AW_-xlikINqnOg1p3GvMAt59A5U2JxqScSae4Cj_SY7M94qu5akfLizAz4O7vz0Qgd9q4jMuLo6rI3FL6pSTM4VVse6AEywF8/s1600/052+Maclean+Flett+trio.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1143" data-original-width="1600" height="285" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzpWHQVbIyFQ1RNcf4J79lzfQG9EbxjyXK02OV1R2pog1AW_-xlikINqnOg1p3GvMAt59A5U2JxqScSae4Cj_SY7M94qu5akfLizAz4O7vz0Qgd9q4jMuLo6rI3FL6pSTM4VVse6AEywF8/s400/052+Maclean+Flett+trio.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">All nevertheless survived and flourished</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsPwn1Hs_1SooHEEDzTTWU4iDx_lYmhi5LQRiCpVK5BhKkV_2arP2513osspEsM_uKXE8-h9htVok63TVSkrWcd29wzN9hTEltHPXdD4IoQP89TwB1GHrHEPOF_oPZS7Qc0TmJvenL3WhD/s1600/IMG_0015+Flett+family+group+1_Irma.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1208" data-original-width="1600" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsPwn1Hs_1SooHEEDzTTWU4iDx_lYmhi5LQRiCpVK5BhKkV_2arP2513osspEsM_uKXE8-h9htVok63TVSkrWcd29wzN9hTEltHPXdD4IoQP89TwB1GHrHEPOF_oPZS7Qc0TmJvenL3WhD/s400/IMG_0015+Flett+family+group+1_Irma.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A rare picture of Peggy (front row, left) with her father and all her siblings<br />
(and several of their partners).<br />
The occasion was a sad one, the funeral of her stepmother, Joe's second wife.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><b>Schooldays</b></span><br />
<a href="https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2017/03/stornoway-schooldays-more-on-nicolson.html">https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2017/03/stornoway-schooldays-more-on-nicolson.html</a><br />
<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">"</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">The old Nicolson Institute school provided education which was second to none in all of Scotland.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">"</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8DtwC1867BGTyVFQXhwXAIiIi40TIdD8MvhUmlhqC-QeuNQ77Ghp_rLFVbY1cdQ1nsRGAlff9INK0N-xrnV-bN3IdjYqGgdOcgesJILa6x_XyLwZ7GYUH0nDxgITySAzHzabIskN92fHL/s1600/20190205_091121-1-1+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8DtwC1867BGTyVFQXhwXAIiIi40TIdD8MvhUmlhqC-QeuNQ77Ghp_rLFVbY1cdQ1nsRGAlff9INK0N-xrnV-bN3IdjYqGgdOcgesJILa6x_XyLwZ7GYUH0nDxgITySAzHzabIskN92fHL/s400/20190205_091121-1-1+%25281%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Margaret I. Flett completed her Junior Secondary education in 1934</td></tr>
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<b>Work</b><br />
<a href="https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2017/02/history-of-stornoway-airport-fragment.html">https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2017/02/history-of-stornoway-airport-fragment.html</a><br />
<span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;">"During part of the war I worked as a clerk at the Stornoway aerodrome, which was expanded to meet the military needs of the time. "</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;">There are also, as regular readers will know, numerous posts about Calum Smith, whom Peggy married in 1942</span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;">.</span></div>
SmothPubshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13111109728985633135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8785092262719769427.post-25269710143203391732018-10-31T08:19:00.001-07:002018-11-01T03:47:38.273-07:00Ealing COs: More brothers in refusal of the First World WarThere are numerous examples among first World War Conscientious Objectors of brothers who shared similar views, took the same stand, and suffered accordingly, including a pair from Hanwell (<a href="https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2015/05/brothers-in-refusal-to-bear-arms.html">previously</a> considered here). The Household brothers from West Ealing were two more, who incidentally had a Hanwell address in 1911:<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<em style="color: #2e2c25; font-family: calibri;">Census return for 56 Elthorne Avenue Hanwell</em><br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;">
<b style="font-family: calibri;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;"> [with] Relationship<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Marital status<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sex<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Age<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Birth year<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Occupation<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Birth
place </span></i></b></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">
</span>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">William Scott<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Household<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Head<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Married<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Male<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>51<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1860<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pianoforte Fitter<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Camden Town N W </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Frances Clara<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Household<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Wife<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Married<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Female<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>52<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1859<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bermondsey
S E </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Mapel Emily<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Household<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Daughter<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Single<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Female<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>25<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1886<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Clerk Motor Works<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Acton Middx </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; font-family: "calibri";">James Howard<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Household<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Son<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Single<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Male<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>23<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1888<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Clerk
Photographers<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hanwell Middx </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">William Scott<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Household<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Son<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Single<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Male<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>21<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1890<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Clerk
Motor Works<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hampstead N W</span> </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Francis Scott<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Household<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Son<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Single<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Male<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>18<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1893<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Solicitors
Clerk<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hampstead N W </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Elizabeth<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Household<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Daughter<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Single<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Female<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>16<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1895<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hanwell
Middx </span>. </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUx132FywUPHPtF-s0oYkWCW2aNGgOewGA_u4sN88yuv-RNROcFqt5GRGL1WuXG6xqpIzS_kKNyURheEWn8SYcXU_ysjHIaGI3UZU0kMK3jSdcCSeyaaNy41xvf0UfeVEWXNLTVp16Vj5Q/s1600/Leighton+Road+W13.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1358" data-original-width="940" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUx132FywUPHPtF-s0oYkWCW2aNGgOewGA_u4sN88yuv-RNROcFqt5GRGL1WuXG6xqpIzS_kKNyURheEWn8SYcXU_ysjHIaGI3UZU0kMK3jSdcCSeyaaNy41xvf0UfeVEWXNLTVp16Vj5Q/s400/Leighton+Road+W13.jpg" width="276" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">West Ealing address of the Household brothers in 1916</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>From the Pearce Register (online database):-</b><br />
<br />
<b>James Howard Household</b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Marital status Single<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Occupation Works manager<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Age 28<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Birth year 1888<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Year 1916<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Soldier Number -<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Address 80, Leighton Road<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Address 2 West Ealing<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Local authority Ealing MB<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
County Middlesex<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Country England<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Latitude 51.5<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Longitude -0.32<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ordnance Survey reference TQ160800<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Motivation -<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Military Service Tribunal MST (Military Service Tribunal) Ealing 8.3.16 appeal on hardship (D) and as a CO (F) - exempt to 8.7.16, 17.7.16 further exemption to 20.1.17 ; <span style="background: lightgrey; mso-highlight: lightgrey;">Middlesex County Appeal 12.4.17 Military Rep.'s appeal dismissed</span> <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
War Service WNI (Work of National Importance) As manager of a works employing more than 60 people he was exempt for much of the war in a series of temporary exemptions based on the hardship his joining the army would cause. After the initial Tribunal his CO appears not to have been an issue.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
WO363 false<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Notes 'F' James Howard and William Scott Household, brothers<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Other Conscientious Objectors in family Yes<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sources NA/MH47/35/77 - on line;<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Record set Conscientious Objectors' Register 1914-1918 </div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><br />James's case came up before the <a href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/middlesex-military-service-appeal-tribunal-1916-1918/">County Appeals Tribunal</a>, not at his own instigation but, as occasionally happened, at that of the Military Representative (MR) on the Local Tribunal (LT) who chafed at his continuing temporary exemption, arguing: "That in view of the fact that this man is 29 years old, single, and classed C.1. he should not be allowed to remain in Civil employ". The Appeal was, however, "dismissed (by request of MR in order that it may come before the Local Tribunal with other employees)" - 12 April 1917, p.3 in file. </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">
</span>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><a href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records/middlesex-military-service-appeal-tribunal.htm"><b><span style="color: #0563c1;">Middlesex
Appeals Tribunal</span></b></a> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><strong>Ref. MH 47/35/77 </strong></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><strong>Description:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Case
Number: M3447.</strong></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">James Howard Household of 80 Leighton Road, West Ealing.
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Occupation: Works Manager. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Grounds of Appeal:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">D: On the ground that serious hardship would ensue if the
man were called up for Army service, owing to his exceptional financial or
business obligations or domestic position. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">F: On the ground of a conscientious objection to the
undertaking of combatant service</span><br />
<br />
The above description is misleading insofar as it cites the grounds of the original claim for exemption rather than those of the Appeal as above. As noted by Pearce," After the initial Tribunal his [conscientious objection] appears not to have been an issue", although it may possibly have stung the MR into lodging the Appeal. His unconsidered claim for absolute exemption was founded on "moral motivation that human life is sacred, and I cannot therefore take life, neither can I undertake non-combatant service, as this would be the means of releasing someone else to do the killing which I object, on conscientious grounds, to do[ing] myself." - 25-2-16<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, James's younger brother William was not faring so well.<br />
<br />
<b>William Scott
Household</b><b></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Marital status Single <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Occupation General commercial clerk <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Age 26 <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Birth year 1890 <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Year 1916 <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Soldier Number – <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Address 80, Leighton Road <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Address 2 West Ealing <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Local authority Ealing MB <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
County Middlesex <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Country England <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Motivation Former Baptist who became a Quaker (Ealing PM) in
1915 <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Military Service Tribunal<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
MST (Military Service Tribunal) Ealing 8.3.16 appeal as a CO
(F) - ECS (Exemption from Combatant Service) only, NCC (Non-Combatant Corps)
but accepted that this would not be acceptable to him; <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">Middlesex County Appeal
21.3.16 - dismissed</span>, confirmed local MST (Military Service Tribunal) decision <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
War Service: 3 Depot Middlesex Balmer Farm Camp, Falmer, Nr.Brighton, CM
(Court Martial) June 1916 - 28 days HL (With hard labour), Lewes MP (Military
Prison); CM (Court Martial) (2) 31.7.16 Shoreham - 112 days HL </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
War Service comments: Refused to Attest and sacked by his employers Jan.1916</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Magistrates Court Arrested 27.5.16 tried at Brentford fined
40/- and handed over, to Hounslow barracks <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Magistrates Court comments: Absentee <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Prison: Lewes MP (Military Prison) 16.6.16; Crawley Aug.1916;
1.9.16, 8.9.16 Lewes CP (Civil Prison) <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u>Work Centre</u> HOS
(The Home Office Scheme, administered by the Brace Committee) 22.9.16 to
18.5.17 Road Board Camp, Denton, Newhaven; 1.6.17, 3.8.17, 26.10.17,25.1.18,
26.4.18, 26.7.18 Chelsea (Health Insurance) Work Centre <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
WO363 false <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u>Notes </u>'F' <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">James Howard and William Scott Household,
brothers</span>. *Letter in D/Mar/4/13 complains of the "lack of unity and
Fellowship" among CO's at Newhaven.*Sacked by his employers, Michelin
Tyres, because he refused to Attest - see Harvey letters. *Address in NA/MH47
also 61, Linden Road, Bournville, Birmingham <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Other Conscientious Objectors in family Yes <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u>Sources</u> Tribunal
15.6.16; 10.8.16; Cumbria RO(Carlisle)D/Mar/4/13, 97; FH/FSC(1916/20)/SER 31
Case file; The Friend 1.9.16, 8.9.16, 22.9.16, 3.11.16, 1.12.16, 5.1.17,
2.2.17,16.3.17, 18.5.17, 1.6.17, 3.8.17, 26.10.17, 25.1.18, 26.4.18, 26.7.18;
NA/WO86/71/105; Letters 10.4.16 to 5.6.16 - including a <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">letter from him while
in military custody</span>, in T.E.Harvey MP ([<strike>Military Prison</strike>]**) Correspondence
FH/Temp.Mss.835 Box.3; FH/SER/VOPC/Cases/4(624); NA/MH47/8/31 - on line. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Record set <a href="https://search.livesofthefirstworldwar.org/search/world-records/conscientious-objectors-register-1914-1918">Conscientious Objectors' Register 1914-1918</a><br />
<br />
**<em>Because of the somewhat rough-and-ready data transfer of these admittedly complicated records to the IWM's 'Lives of the First World War', the abbreviation MP in 'Sources' is followed by '(Military Prison)', however obviously incorrectly, as for Member of Parliament here.</em><br />
<o:p><br />William's appeal to the Middlesex Tribunal asserted "Conscientious objection to war service in any form whatever", based on "a deep conviction that war is in direct opposition to the teaching and life of Christ..." and that he "should be disobeying the will of God by enlisting or helping in it, " being "fully prepared to undergo any penalty rather than violate my conscience". He had no claim in gorunds of occupation, having been sacked for refusing to "attest" (i.e. to testify to his willingness to join the forces if called up), "the firm refusing to consider conscientious reasons".</o:p><br />
<o:p><br /></o:p>
<o:p>In spite of this, the LT was not prepared to allow that his objection was genuine, citing a history of attendance at different local churches and William's not being a member or communicant of any denomination, choosing to allege that such an independent position must be suspect: "As it appeared to the Tribunal that Appellant's position was as consistent with a growing desire not to fight as with the development of a conscientious objection, his application was rejected." The Appeal was likewise curtly dismissed (21-3-16), and William's letter requesting leave to take his case to the Central Tribunal was marked "too late"; such requests were almost invariably refused anyway.</o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
William was now in <a href="https://theironroom.wordpress.com/2018/02/19/a-union-of-adult-schools/">Bournville, Birmingham</a>, where he found support and a temporary refuge.<br />
<br />
<i>The letters referred to below are included in the extensive correspondence of T.E.Harvey MP (Friends' House Library reference Temporary MSS 835 Box 3). Notes and extracts:-</i><br />
<br />
<u><strong>
</strong>Letter from Edwin Gilbert, National Council of Adult School Unions,
Bournville.</u><br />
WSH left Ealing Baptist Church on account of the military
atmosphere, and was recommended to the Ealing [Freinds', Quakers'] Prayer Meeting. He is a strong committed pacifist, and would not fight under any circumstances. He will however do civil work such as
agriculture.<br />
<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u>W S Houshold Letter 10-4-16 from Bournville</u>.<br />
Dismissed by Michelin
Tyre Co. SW London for refusing to attest - after 9 years.<br />
Returning to W13
address on 19-4.<o:p></o:p><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u>From Richard H. Smith, Friends' Foreign Mission
Association</u>.12-4-16<br />
Note re. Parliamentary Recruiting Committee 14-4-16, possibly by T E Harvey: "Nothing can be done." Several people
have written [about this case].<br />
<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><u><span style="line-height: 107%;">From William's Fiancée</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="line-height: 107%;"> </span>Marian Pole</u>, 6</span>3 Overstone Rd. Hammersmith 29-5-16<br />
WSH arrested 27-5. Now in Hounslow Barracks Guard Room as far as is known.<br />
Asking help not just for him but for all COs suffering for their beliefs.<br />
Not a coward as he has been called; believes human life sacred.<br />
Sending copy of <u>unfinished letter from William</u>:<br />
<br />
<u>31-5-16 WSH</u>. Guard Room, Balmer Farm Camp, Falmer.<br />
Have just been sentenced to
28 days in Lewes Military Prison with hard labour. Inform Mr. Smith to ask for
transfer to civil prison. Medical examination - by force - for "labour at
home" only.<br />
Corporal has just been in to bully me. They are trying
to get me to work today "in civilians" - others in uniform. Have not
taken money or carried out any military order nor signed any army paper. Alone
since five friends, COs, have gone on. Being bullied, threatened, called
everything; language and what they say they want to do with me awful.<br />
Still
determined to hold out. Other COs are in khaki. Not yet been struck or damaged.
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
"abruptly ends".- <o:p></o:p>Marian's note </div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
She wrote to Harvey again on 5-6-16 about getting William transferred from military
prison.</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
The couple married that year, in Lewes - in fact it must have been shortly afterwards, since the record belongs to the <a href="https://search.findmypast.co.uk/record?id=bmd/m/1916/2/az/000539&parentid=bmd/m/1916/2/az/000539/029">second quarter</a> of the year, perhaps while William was still in military custody. Later, as the database shows, he did get his transfer to civil prison, and eventually went on to join the Home Office Scheme for alternative employment, in the comparatively mild and appropriate form of a placement at Chelsea Work Centre dealing with Health Insurance.<br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Pole</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Marian E H</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">—</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">—</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">1916</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">England
& Wales Marriages 1837-2005</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Lewes,
Sussex, England</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Household</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">William
S</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">—</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">—</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">1916</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">England & Wales Marriages 1837-2005</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Lewes, Sussex, England</span><br />
<o:p><br /></o:p>
<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
SmothPubshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13111109728985633135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8785092262719769427.post-84670422055065683012018-10-13T05:32:00.002-07:002018-10-24T04:45:02.704-07:00Another CO from Bedford Park: Imprisoned in two world wars<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJpv09UxxUWPFMR03KQTkHB-CtAlATjPgczkYB-PSKHoPk6U-IJShvtfkXEBwvyXeQz7eyupVKlZHEiZi3j0ZmdGQXUhIsnRZMnWuZJIw8MAbUcDxDKNuIaYJAAvKWlNkVJXwqIf24zaMx/s1600/Haines+MAT+p.9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><br /></div>
From the <a href="https://search.livesofthefirstworldwar.org/search/world-records/conscientious-objectors-register-1914-1918">Pearce Register</a>:<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>William Burgess Haines<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Marital status Single<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Occupation Scientific
research, Imperial College<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Age 25<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Birth year 1891<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Year 1916<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Soldier Number -<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Address 9,
Addison Road<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Address 2 Bedford
Park<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Local authority Chiswick
UD<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
County Middlesex<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Country England<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Latitude 51.49<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Longitude -0.25<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ordnance Survey reference TQ210790<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Motivation Religious<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Military Service Tribunal MST
(Military Service Tribunal) Chiswick 25.2.16 appeal on grounds of national interest
(A) and CO (F) - refused; Middlesex County Appeal 28.3.16 - dismissed<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
War Service (?) [see below, W B Haines]<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
WO363 false<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sources NA/MH47/9/29
- on line<o:p></o:p></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">Record set Conscientious
Objectors' Register 1914-1918 </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>W B Haines<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Age -<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Birth year -<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Year -<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Soldier Number -<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Address -<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Address 2 Leytonstone
(Ward)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Local authority Leyton
UD<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
County Essex<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Country England<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Latitude 51.56<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Longitude 0.0<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ordnance Survey reference TQ309870<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Motivation -<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Military Service Tribunal MST
(Military Service Tribunal) Central Tribunal 22.7.16; Central Tribunal at Wormwood
S. 21.8.16 - CO class A, to Brace Committee<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Central Tribunal Central
Tribunal Nos. W.559 M.213<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
War Service 27
(R) Middlesex CM (Court Martial) Aldershot 16.5.16 - 84 days Det., Wandsworth
MP (Military Prison)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Prison Wandsworth MP
(Military Prison)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Work Centre HOS
(The Home Office Scheme, administered by the Brace Committee) 28.8.17 at
Dartmoor<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
WO363 false<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sources NA/WO86/70/27;
Not found in NA/WO363; NA/MH47/125; NA/MH47/1 Central Tribunal Minutes;
FH/SER/VOPC/Cases/4(2099)<o:p></o:p></div>
Record set Conscientious
Objectors' Register 1914-1918<br />
<br />
The above records appear separately on the <a href="https://search.livesofthefirstworldwar.org/search/world-records/conscientious-objectors-register-1914-1918">online database of First World War Conscientious Objectors</a> (COs) but can be taken to refer to the same person, supplementing each other's information as given in the Middlesex Appeal Tribunal file and Central Tribunal Minutes respectively. The different addresses cease to be a problem in view of the <b>1911 Census</b>, which shows William Burgess Haines as an East-Ender, living with his parents, siblings and others in Leytonstone (often parental-home addresses are supplied for COs, rather than the latest residence at call-up).<br />
<br />
<span style="color: purple;"> (<i>with</i> <span style="background-color: #eeeeee;">Relation to Head of Household Age Occupation Birthplace)</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Henry James Haines Head Married Male 52 Marble Merchants Manager Bethnal Green<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ellen Mary Haines Wife Married Female 49 - Whitechapel<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Montague Bartram Haines Son Single Male 25 Bank
Clerk Stepney<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Grace Redivion Haines Daughter Single Female 23 Elementary
School Teacher Ratcliffe<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: purple;">William Burgess Haines Son Single Male 20 Research
Student U Col London Ratcliffe</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ellen Muriel Haines Daughter Single Female 19 - Essex Leytonstone<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
George Cecil Haines Son - Male 11 School Essex
Leytonstone<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Reginald James Haines Son - Male 9 - Essex
Leytonstone<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
John Boyd Haines Father Widower Male 84 Retired London
Spitalsfield<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Cyril Edward Millard Boarder Single Male 21 Ironmongers
Commercial Traveller Clapton<o:p></o:p></div>
Frieda Elsie Millard Visitor - Female 6 - Essex
Leytonstone<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p><br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-j_mb9rulcwwxiGIxlm_ml1PXl3jLL0BX5cGJ5mrsaYW9f03wdTkY4j1mcJwd_I9R1ZAtSAKqws90j-Bmq7Hm14uN31YtH2t7HFm7jS_El0fDNRWkwFsNHMmq4r0PW6aI70HYb9louamg/s1600/Bedford+Park+People.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="900" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-j_mb9rulcwwxiGIxlm_ml1PXl3jLL0BX5cGJ5mrsaYW9f03wdTkY4j1mcJwd_I9R1ZAtSAKqws90j-Bmq7Hm14uN31YtH2t7HFm7jS_El0fDNRWkwFsNHMmq4r0PW6aI70HYb9louamg/s400/Bedford+Park+People.jpg" width="225" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">About some other "Bedford Park People"</td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRwyi3tdPZH3yYHX639aajkGen5hGpTd-ip1-607zGOnch9qvnGP-FNyqY6-EaXxal1Gru0YciBVR4xMh0sYmKIReeJuz1T1euAlhfZLAbFqRCy3wpmhiucCBDnq__0FsUQc2-PGWCZbZk/s1600/Bedford+Park+gen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="900" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRwyi3tdPZH3yYHX639aajkGen5hGpTd-ip1-607zGOnch9qvnGP-FNyqY6-EaXxal1Gru0YciBVR4xMh0sYmKIReeJuz1T1euAlhfZLAbFqRCy3wpmhiucCBDnq__0FsUQc2-PGWCZbZk/s400/Bedford+Park+gen.jpg" width="225" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: start;">W B Haines was living in Bedford Park in 1916</span></td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFttqIIhfr4dJvlWVCBeoBrVo34SC1ztg1hwJpRUVlB0McRG8cmRmD0lJpeoPw_6M4KgcJoyNDB-wbMbmBG2s3p8X0ZTKKGW3-2DWnlNzVUhAa4jihLNqT2UGb4k58rXoaxnRl-jjUEP9g/s1600/Bedford+Park+blurb+withblue.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="1600" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFttqIIhfr4dJvlWVCBeoBrVo34SC1ztg1hwJpRUVlB0McRG8cmRmD0lJpeoPw_6M4KgcJoyNDB-wbMbmBG2s3p8X0ZTKKGW3-2DWnlNzVUhAa4jihLNqT2UGb4k58rXoaxnRl-jjUEP9g/s400/Bedford+Park+blurb+withblue.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<b style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16px;"><u><br /></u></b><br />
<b style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16px;"><u>Appeal (</u></b><u style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16px;">Dismissed<b> 28-3-16)</b></u><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16px;">Haines lodged an appeal on 28th February 1916 against the Local Tribunal (LT) decision not to grant him exemption (Middlesex Appeal </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16px;">Case Number: M213. William Burgess Haines of 9 Addison Road, Bedford Park, </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16px;">Catalogue reference<b>:</b></span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16px;"><b> </b></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16px;">MH 47/9/29). Abandoning the grounds of his occupation being important to the nation, he stood as a CO:</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16px;"> ... on the single count of my deep conscientious conviction, entertained for years, that as a follower of the teachings of Jesus Christ I cannot take part in any military operations. This is purely an individual position, &I cannot accept the jurisdiction of the Tribunal with regard to it, - though I accept the consequences of their decision (i.e. in any punishment that might follow). This I think should be a sufficient evidence of my sincerity. In short, I ask for exemption, & quietly state that if it cannot be granted I would rather accept the alternative of punishment than service.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16px;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16px;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The LT based its decision on the unusual argument
that his work had included paid research for the Admiralty which intended
"to use the invention against the enemy", which would seem to be actually playing up his work's importance
and using this to undermine his credibility as a CO. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
</span></span><br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">His original claim (17-2-16) was on dual grounds: "For
TOTAL EXEMPTION as CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTOR DOING WORK OF NATIONAL
IMPORTANCE." On the form, neatly typed, he gave his occupation as
"Scientific Research (Physics) working as Beit Research Fellow of
the Imperial College of Science & Technology, Kensington." He stated
" My main reason is that, as a Christian, I cannot take part in any
military operations" before going on to explain the importance of his
work. </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">The claim was supported in a letter dated Feb. 15th by
Professor R J Strutt (pp.6-7), who described Haines as being one of
"that comparatively small number of persons who can plan and carry out
scientific investigations, and whose services the country cannot afford to do
without." </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">The LT Notes on the case add little. "With regard to
his conscientious objection, the only statement he could make was that he
believed in the Sermon on the Mount, and as far as he understood it, he was not
able to take part in the War." </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="border-image: none; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJpv09UxxUWPFMR03KQTkHB-CtAlATjPgczkYB-PSKHoPk6U-IJShvtfkXEBwvyXeQz7eyupVKlZHEiZi3j0ZmdGQXUhIsnRZMnWuZJIw8MAbUcDxDKNuIaYJAAvKWlNkVJXwqIf24zaMx/s1600/Haines+MAT+p.9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="112" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJpv09UxxUWPFMR03KQTkHB-CtAlATjPgczkYB-PSKHoPk6U-IJShvtfkXEBwvyXeQz7eyupVKlZHEiZi3j0ZmdGQXUhIsnRZMnWuZJIw8MAbUcDxDKNuIaYJAAvKWlNkVJXwqIf24zaMx/s200/Haines+MAT+p.9.jpg" width="200" /></span></a><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Military Representative brought out the matter of being
useful for the Admiralty, Haines acknowledging that results of the work -
electrical and "nearly always theoretical" - "might have good or
evil uses". This is summed up in a careless final sentence (p.9, right).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16px;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16px;">The "W B Haines" record shows some of what happened after the appeal was rejected and he was </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 16px;">"deemed to be enlisted":</span></div>
<div>
<ul>
<li>Court Martial, Aldershot 16.5.16 sentenced to 84 days detention, Wandsworth Military Prison. (Court Martial and imprisonment were routine for COs who refused to obey an order). </li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16px;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">Case considered by </span></span>Central Tribunal 22.7.16; Central Tribunal at Wormwood Scrubs 21.8.16 </li>
<li>Judged to be a CO class A, i.e. genuine, and referred to the Brace Committee for alternative service</li>
<li>Work Centre (The Home Office Scheme, administered by the Brace Committee) 28.8.17 at Dartmoor</li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16px;">It is not clear how long it was before he could resume his scientific career, although it was back on track by 1921 and when he did so his claim about its importance was justified by results. When he died in 1963 he rated an obituary in the leading science journal, </span><i style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16px;">Nature</i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16px;">. </span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaN1pR4rfElD8Mpi6w3_P-jKsQsjWv5AI66U2LLKCrNVPKq4K0TXpOTHBvV6oOWeM9INVRqZgUobgxGDD0IpaxgnC6PCPCXkNocq1NyKap-BM7QKVALIs-jRymUKrhfu3tctV6PjmF5aYz/s1600/Haines+obit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1315" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaN1pR4rfElD8Mpi6w3_P-jKsQsjWv5AI66U2LLKCrNVPKq4K0TXpOTHBvV6oOWeM9INVRqZgUobgxGDD0IpaxgnC6PCPCXkNocq1NyKap-BM7QKVALIs-jRymUKrhfu3tctV6PjmF5aYz/s400/Haines+obit.jpg" width="327" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">An obituary in <i>Nature</i>, 4th May 196.3, doesn't mention the First World War</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;">DR. WILLIAM BURGESS HAINES, who died suddenly last
March, joined the Soil Physics Department, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothamsted_Research" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: small;">Rothamsted </span></a><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;">Experimental
Station*, as one of its earliest members, in 1921. He was the first to show, by
simple, but elegant, experiments that the moisture content in porous bodies
like soil displays hysteresis... #This work… led to a clear understanding of
water distribution and movement in soil, as affected by weather, cultivations,
and vegetation. </span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 107%;"><i><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: small;">Nature</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> 198</b>,
434</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">*Rothamsted
Research, previously known as the Rothamsted Experimental Station and then the
Institute of Arable Crops Research, is one of the oldest agricultural research
institutions in the world, having been founded in 1843. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><em><span style="color: #545454; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">#Hysteresis</span></em><span class="st1"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"> is the dependence of the state of a system
on its history. For example, a magnet may have more than one possible magnetic
moment in a given magnetic field, depending on how the field changed in the
past.</span></span><span style="line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span class="st1"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: x-small;"><em style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: -24px;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Hysteresis:</span></em><span class="st1" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; text-indent: -24px;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"> </span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; text-indent: -24px;">the phenomenon in which the value of a physical property lags behind changes in the effect causing it, as for instance when magnetic induction lags behind the magnetizing force.</span></span></span><br />
<span class="st1"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; text-indent: -24px;"><br /></span></span></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBiw0f3m_UjrLRmsGgrq4qCMf1GUU_l3snvfdCW1gT4fmWAoBSq1fsK7wU8xjUnc7SkTxpUOcf-FgcJPJmWzIUfZPWKGuK3HkRo99Tz7WM_V5dhp1Hf9syyvnr2ZcH_O2X8bZbVsyxUp2L/s1600/Haines+shipwreck.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBiw0f3m_UjrLRmsGgrq4qCMf1GUU_l3snvfdCW1gT4fmWAoBSq1fsK7wU8xjUnc7SkTxpUOcf-FgcJPJmWzIUfZPWKGuK3HkRo99Tz7WM_V5dhp1Hf9syyvnr2ZcH_O2X8bZbVsyxUp2L/s400/Haines+shipwreck.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The <em>Nature</em> obituary is reticent about Haines experiences in the Second World War - when the question of being a CO did not arise for him - as well as silent about the First. It is not perfectly accurate in stating that he was in a Japanese prisoner-of-war camp throughout the Second. He was indeed interned, but only after another ordeal, having been a passenger on the <a href="http://muntokpeacemuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Michael_Pethers_hms_giang_bee_for-website.pdf">HMS Giang Bee</a>, which was sunk by a Japanese destroyer on 13th February 1942. There were 300 or more on board, mostly refugees escaping from Singapore towards Batavia; 104 people were <a href="http://www.roll-of-honour.org.uk/evacuation_ships/html/hms_giang_bee_passenger_list.htm">listed as survivors</a> in 1943 by the Netherlands-Indies Red Cross from information supplied by witnesses at <span style="line-height: 107%;">Palembang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">internment </span>camp. <span style="line-height: 107%;">Almost
all survivors had ended up in this "migratory" camp. Haines was among the minority who survived once again; the camp had a death rate
of 55% for men. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSHPTy38eJxbaCiPXW-JxxzI_xFa5-LFAURA1shw6UVR0iNZ2g9XdeOhpQlMeDO8ypAcGrBhxLdKxHQqnqfziruhtDUeDxuFhFGTtM5DR3T4MYABCvzLFYPbkONvquOEH6VNBP1zU9s48J/s1600/Addisn+Rd+W4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSHPTy38eJxbaCiPXW-JxxzI_xFa5-LFAURA1shw6UVR0iNZ2g9XdeOhpQlMeDO8ypAcGrBhxLdKxHQqnqfziruhtDUeDxuFhFGTtM5DR3T4MYABCvzLFYPbkONvquOEH6VNBP1zU9s48J/s400/Addisn+Rd+W4.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Addison Road, just north of Bath Road (where fellow-CO Howard Travers lived),<br />
is shown on a 1938 map at Turnham Green. It is now called Addison Grove.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwHuQIgyzZvUUq3yG5Kfze28eENjAKrtpuVe6iHRxvROWyzjFovhwE7dSBE-xBK4LCK8v92VlCe7cYufGMHhXVNSE4AVytr3Slgg49fcIIQ_anKANPqgKx6xvS7fluTpTqwDQsA2wTrj8W/s1600/Addisn+Rd+close.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="456" data-original-width="1020" height="143" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwHuQIgyzZvUUq3yG5Kfze28eENjAKrtpuVe6iHRxvROWyzjFovhwE7dSBE-xBK4LCK8v92VlCe7cYufGMHhXVNSE4AVytr3Slgg49fcIIQ_anKANPqgKx6xvS7fluTpTqwDQsA2wTrj8W/s320/Addisn+Rd+close.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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SmothPubshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13111109728985633135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8785092262719769427.post-68826971280871340682018-10-06T06:07:00.001-07:002018-10-08T03:27:03.260-07:00First World War COs: Another from Chiswick<div class="MsoNormal">
COs who appealed on explicitly non-religious grounds against
conscription are comparatively rare, especially when they do not make reference
to another, political ideology. The case of one such from Ealing has already
been considered <a href="http://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2014/11/a-non-religious-appeal-against.html">here</a>, and <a href="http://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2018/09/guy-aldred-speaking-up-for-chiswick.html">James Churchman</a> may be counted too; the list of 29 "Chiswick" records from the Pearce
Register supplies another.<br />
<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Howard Martin Otho Travers<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Marital status Single<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Occupation Architect,
designer, craftsman - stained glass and illustrations<o:p></o:p></div>
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Age 30<o:p></o:p></div>
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Birth year 1886<o:p></o:p></div>
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Year 1916<o:p></o:p></div>
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Death year 1948<o:p></o:p></div>
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Soldier Number -<o:p></o:p></div>
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Address 1, Bath Road<o:p></o:p></div>
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Address 2 Bedford
Park<o:p></o:p></div>
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Local authority Chiswick
UD<o:p></o:p></div>
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County Middlesex<o:p></o:p></div>
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Country England<o:p></o:p></div>
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Latitude 51.49<o:p></o:p></div>
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Longitude -0.25<o:p></o:p></div>
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Ordnance Survey reference TQ210790<o:p></o:p></div>
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Motivation <span style="background: lightgrey; mso-highlight: lightgrey;">Moral objections NOT
religious</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Military Service Tribunal MST
(Military Service Tribunal) Chiswick 2.3.16 appeal as a CO (F) - ECS (Exemption
from Combatant Service) only; <span style="background: lightgrey; mso-highlight: lightgrey;">Middlesex County Appeal 10.4.16</span> - dismissed<o:p></o:p></div>
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War Service FAU
(Friends' Ambulance Unit) May 1916 to Jan.1919. Jordans. King George Hospital;
London Office; Uffculme Hospital, Birmingham. Demob. 4.1.19<o:p></o:p></div>
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WO363 false<o:p></o:p></div>
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Sources List
of Members of the Friends Ambulance Unit 1914-1919 (London, 1919); Letter
13.4.16 in T.E.Harvey MP ([<s>Military Prison]</s>) Correspondence Friends House
Temp.Mss.835 Box.6; NA/MH47/10/67 - on line; FH/FAU (Friends' Ambulance Unit)
1914-1919 Personnel Record Cards Series 1 and 2.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Record set <a href="https://search.livesofthefirstworldwar.org/search/world-records/conscientious-objectors-register-1914-1918">Conscientious Objectors' Register 1914-1918</a></span></div>
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Howard Travers, like his fellow citizen James Churchman, appealed at County level against the decision of the Local Chiswick Tribunal, so that some of his own words are available on file:<br />
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<span style="background-color: #eeeeee; font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 12pt;">MH 47/10/67 (Reference)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #eeeeee; font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 12pt;">Description:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #eeeeee; font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 12pt;">Case Number: M446. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #eeeeee; font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 12pt;">Howard Martin Otho Travers of 1 Bath Road, Bedford Park. Occupation:
Architect, Designer and Craftsman. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #eeeeee; font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 12pt;">Grounds of Appeal:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="background-color: #eeeeee;">F: On the ground of a conscientious objection to the undertaking of
combatant service</span>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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He made his appeal for total exemption, against the Chiswick Tribunal decision, on 4th March 1916 (p.6 in the file), stating:<br />
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<o:p></o:p></div>
"I believe warfare between nations to be a barbarous &
discredited method of setteling [<i>sic</i>] international differences, and I look to
the future common unity of the peoples of all nations. In my firm opinion war
will not be ended by the use of armed force, which inevitably fosters and
encourages a spirit of hatred and revenge, - but by an increasing number of
citizens remaining true to their convictions & therefore refusing to take
part in war, whatever the pretext for which it is waged." He had used the same form of words on his original application, dated 25-2-1916 (p.9).<br />
<br />
The Local Tribunal (LT) justified its decision to grant exemption from combatant service only (ECS) by arguing that he had not shown sufficient reason for total exemption:<br />
"Applicant objected to the military oath but was otherwise prepared to help wounded persons whether or not they were soldiers.<br />
"Applicant was not of any particular religious body - his religion was his own ideal and there was no sanctionary ratification thereof except his self respect or his mind..."<br />
<br />
Notes on his case indicate how far he and the LT Chairman were from a meeting of minds, the latter being fixated on the idea of "sanction" and denying any validity to the concept of an autonomous individual conscience uncoerced by an external "Power" and unconstrained by fear of "peril" (hell-fire). The Military Representative and a Mr. Ward chipped in too,
the former asserting: “If I had a conscience like yours, I should refuse to pay
taxes” (thus implying that the CO was genuine). Travers defended himself articulately, making some telling points and exposing the prejudices and woolly thinking of his inquisitors, but his arguments were predictably unsuccessful.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZIHSO8b_rdA7zIGpE7iTCOcvRLLs6Z7AmilKDNeJMJWq8Eg75nfIExIuY4Jk1cBoRMjCaQhsL7maTuHwX_2VUMuOPzY2T46KUwSy_2obxY_MKTlP-HGFCtyfSOCEzm-MJc4HwVdVCmBRp/s1600/Travers+LT+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1523" data-original-width="1241" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZIHSO8b_rdA7zIGpE7iTCOcvRLLs6Z7AmilKDNeJMJWq8Eg75nfIExIuY4Jk1cBoRMjCaQhsL7maTuHwX_2VUMuOPzY2T46KUwSy_2obxY_MKTlP-HGFCtyfSOCEzm-MJc4HwVdVCmBRp/s320/Travers+LT+3.jpg" width="260" /></a></div>
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Howard Travers did not take the Middlesex Appeal Tribunal decision as final, and made a further application, for leave to appeal to the Central Tribunal. The Appeal Tribunal refused to grant this, as usual in their dealings with COs who rejected ECS.<br />
<br />
The file contains a handwritten page about his work, in which he argues that it is "useful in an economic and commercial sense" and refers to some of it being exhibited, at the invitation of the Board of Trade, at the Ghent and Paris Exhibitions. He also claims to have made a special study of modern German work, and asserts his knowledge is of practical use. A typed letter from the Director of Art at the Board of Trade (Exhibition Branch) dated 4th April 1916 reports what has been heard from the Mus<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 19px;">é</span>e des Arts D<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 19px;">é</span>coratifs regarding the safety of the (unspecified) exhibits, which he is assured are in safe keeping, not in any danger, until the situation permits their transport. The Government, however, "in accordance with their usual practice will not insure themselves against their liability in case of loss."<br />
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On 13th April Travers wrote to Quaker MP and CO supporter T E Harvey, frankly emphasising his appeal had been on "moral - not religious grounds" and saying he had called at the office of the Friends Ambulance Unit (FAU, Quaker) and found that their work was such that he felt he could very gladly contribute. The Secretary indicated willingness to accept his services, subject to the Authorities' agreement. This had apparently been withheld, and he asked for advice as to whether the decision could be reconsidered. That he was successful is confirmed by his record as above, "FAU (Friends' Ambulance Unit) May 1916 to Jan.1919... Demob. 4.1.19." (Sources in Friends House Library, Euston).</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYJm3rxmPCQ12xXjwNdWjt2eShQoVVU3nUE4D3Ev90uh18tGguQlwVbre8JgkK2Wt66FohddBmRFgEBpdNbFzEtf_e8Q7rN460RpDeg1KNaZArj-qbeuDos56zOuX8b9Cny8469DGn4DbT/s1600/1+Bath+Rd.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1074" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYJm3rxmPCQ12xXjwNdWjt2eShQoVVU3nUE4D3Ev90uh18tGguQlwVbre8JgkK2Wt66FohddBmRFgEBpdNbFzEtf_e8Q7rN460RpDeg1KNaZArj-qbeuDos56zOuX8b9Cny8469DGn4DbT/s400/1+Bath+Rd.jpg" width="267" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">1 Bath Road, Bedford Park: Travers' address in 1916</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKguZOzWIyQFJTgCEMUtjrnm-fRj3JOybdUNr5ZlGWXlBaJSyv_l73OPgt41SbbiKho702HDng5zjIrM1SaIkoRLkGJSudzZsfut9wrE_UXRJ1xAV4WsR80Z68Ns50MQv_oxjqWSbx90vQ/s1600/BP+novel+front.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="961" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKguZOzWIyQFJTgCEMUtjrnm-fRj3JOybdUNr5ZlGWXlBaJSyv_l73OPgt41SbbiKho702HDng5zjIrM1SaIkoRLkGJSudzZsfut9wrE_UXRJ1xAV4WsR80Z68Ns50MQv_oxjqWSbx90vQ/s400/BP+novel+front.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">"That enchanted suburb" pre-1914 <br />
was the setting for a 2013 novel...</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl0E3jaBJjfbvqHNeQ3GFXpXXFKB2x_YfZY0QuTp00Aq0ePX3c9L7uBbAdeFvWGu2ZZQdKyzJOZhNv_Ke7L1O2n9YI1j21F3GhcAj-6Ech9xqVhR6anlVUdKSqJHJy-CyKiKe2s86OJRIA/s1600/BP+novel+back.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1009" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl0E3jaBJjfbvqHNeQ3GFXpXXFKB2x_YfZY0QuTp00Aq0ePX3c9L7uBbAdeFvWGu2ZZQdKyzJOZhNv_Ke7L1O2n9YI1j21F3GhcAj-6Ech9xqVhR6anlVUdKSqJHJy-CyKiKe2s86OJRIA/s400/BP+novel+back.jpg" width="251" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">... featuring some of its more notable residents.<br />
As an artist, Travers would have fitted in well.</td></tr>
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SmothPubshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13111109728985633135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8785092262719769427.post-26898479660581755412018-09-28T03:36:00.003-07:002018-10-03T09:15:57.772-07:00Guy Aldred: Speaking Up for a Chiswick 'Conchie' in 1916<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">One of the best
known among uncompromisingly politically motivated FWW COs was the celebrated
anarchist <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Aldred">Guy Aldred</a></b>. In early 1916 he was still based in London, living in
Shepherd's Bush, although already associated with fellow opponents of the war
in Glasgow, where he was to settle in 1919. He was a prominent speaker against
conscription and supporter of those who resisted it while still at liberty himself.
Because so few tribunal records survive we cannot know whether he spoke up for
many COs at their hearings (this sort of advocacy does not seem generally to have been allowed) but there was at least one, James Churchman of Chiswick.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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Record from the <a href="https://search.livesofthefirstworldwar.org/search/world-records/conscientious-objectors-register-1914-1918">Pearce
Register</a>:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b> <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">James George Stuart Churchman</span></b><span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">Marital status Single<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">Occupation Manager
of a Picture Theatre*<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">Age 25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">Birth
year 1891<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">Year 1916<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">Soldier
Number -<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">Address 77,
Grantham Road<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">Address
2 Chiswick<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">Local authority Chiswick UD<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">County Middlesex<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">Country England<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">Latitude 51.48<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">Longitude -0.27<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">Ordnance Survey
reference TQ200780<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">Motivation Socialist
(?)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">Military Service
Tribunal MST
(Military Service Tribunal) Chiswick* 2.3.16 appeal on hardship (D) and as a CO
(F) - refused; Middlesex County Appeal 5.4.16 - 2 days temporary exemption;
Further appeal by his employer, 21.6.16, on business grounds, also refused.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">War Service (?)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">WO363 false<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">Notes *Supported in his appeal by Guy
Aldred (See) - transcript of tribunal hearing in NA/MH47 file. *Also
Electrician for a group of London cinemas owned by Universal Picture Houses.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">Sources NA/MH47/12/41
- on line; Not found in NA/WO363;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">Record
set Conscientious
Objectors' Register 1914-1918 </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><br /></span></div>
Since Churchman applied to the <a href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/middlesex-military-service-appeal-tribunal-1916-1918/">Middlesex
Appeals Tribunal</a>, there is a file in existence, free to download from the
National Archives, containing not only his grounds for appealing against
conscription, in his own words, but also some of what was said in his defence.<br />
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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He asserted that the original Local Tribunal (LT) in Chiswick was wrong in claiming it was unable under the terms of the Act to decide whether his objection was conscientious. He further claimed that the Chairman’s
known strong political views and conduct of the case had prejudiced the hearing. (p.4 in the file; dated 3-3-1916). For the Local Tribunal the chairman described him as “averse to war" but not a <i>bona fide</i> CO, since his argument was "only" that war benefitted no one, and "did
not carry conviction.” (2-3-16).</div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
In his application for exemption Churchman declared himself "opposed to assisting war in any way whatever" and also said he was an "only son supporting his widowed mother". (23-2-16)<br />
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The Chiswick LT, more thorough or forthcoming than some about its proceedings, supplied <strong>Notes</strong> on the Case
(p.8) which give an impression of Aldred's contribution as well as some of Churchman's own words. Excerpts:– <br />
<br />
Mr CHURCHMAN (who was attended by Mr. Guy Aldred) said he placed
himself in his friend’s hands. It
appeared that Mr. Aldred was a journalist, and Editor of “The Spur”*, and had
been prosecuted in connection with some disturbances in connection with the
Indians – said to be a political matter.<br />
After giving details of his family circumstances and being told the home could be kept going on less, he replied that they were hardly able to manage as it was at present.<br />
"He held that warfare was unessential to civilisation; he had no other reasons. He held that all war was wrong.. He was 26 years of age." Asked when he began to hold this view, he answered "About five or six years ago."<br />
Asked by the Chairman "Why is warfare wrong?" he replied:<br />
"You
have only to reason it out for yourself. I am weak on speaking. Mr. Aldred can answer it. <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">Warfare doesn't benefit mankind. Warfare doesn't accomplish what it set out to do. Every war is supposed to be to end
war… Every war that starts they say will make a lasting peace</span>."<br />
Chairman's Q. Whose teaching have your drawn your views from?<br />
A. I have read accounts of the Boer War and one or two things like that; how that was conducted. </div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Mr. Aldred</span>. You are really asking whether Mr. Churchman has
been brought under the socialist teaching?<o:p></o:p><br />
Mr. Ward. I wanted to know if he had been brought up under any religious teaching. </div>
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CHURCHMAN I am not of any religious belief… I am indifferent - an agnostic. I don't know if there is a God or not.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Mr. Aldred.</span> The point is of course the difficulty in defining a conscientious objection. What Mr. Churchman wants to bring home is a moral conviction that organised warfare and militarism in
any country is wrong. He wants you to believe that it is a deep feeling with him - clearly he has a conscientious objection to go into the firing line. The consequence is that he wants you to believe that he is an entire conscientious objector to the war at all.<br />
"The application was refused, the Chairman intimating that the Tribunal were face to face with the difficulty of what 'conscientious objector' means. The Tribunal felt that Mr. Churchman did not come within the definition and refused the application."<br />
<br />
Churchman later wrote from his home address, 77
Grantham Rd., about an appeal by his employer on business
grounds, saying they had been told there were no forms left and that they were too
late. (It failed anyway). He appears to have resigned himself to his
military fate rather than proceed inevitably to prison and the punitive
treatment meted out to. Contrary to the Register, WO363 (First World War
Service Records 'Burnt Documents') papers about him do appear to exist;
although his name is transcribed as "James George Sturt Churchman",
born 1890, from Barnes. There is a minimal 'record of service' (Royal Garrison
Artillery) describing him as an electrical mechanic and giving his Chiswick
address, and an 'Inside Sheet' about volunteering, also RGA, in 1919. <br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
*<span style="font-size: x-small;">Aldred's paper <i>The
Herald of Revolt</i> had changed its name in May 1914 "because the workers
need a spur". </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Aldred's own record is also on the Pearce Register:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Guy Alfred Aldred</span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Occupation Editor 'The Spur' <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Age 30 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Birth year 1886 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Year [of record] 1917
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Death year 1963 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Soldier Number - <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Address 17, Richmond Gardens <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Address 2 Shepherd's Bush <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Local authority Hammersmith
MB <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">County London CC <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Absolutist Yes <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Motivation Communist
Anarchist; NCF (No-Conscription Fellowship); Atheist <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Military Service
Tribunal MST (Military Service Tribunal) Central Tribunal at Wormwood S.
11.8.16 - CO class A, to Brace Committee <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Central Tribunal Central
Tribunal Nos. W.477 Class: A - genuine <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">War Service 9(R)
London (TR) Fovant Camp CM (Court Martial) 17.5.16 - 6 months com.4 months; CM
(Court Martial) Fovant Camp 29.6.16 - 9 months HL (With hard labour),
Winchester CP (Civil Prison); CM (Court Martial) Blackdown 18.5.17 - 18 months
HL (With hard labour), Wandsworth CP (Civil Prison).; CM (Court Martial)
Blackdown 27.8.18 - 2yrs.HL (With hard labour), Wandsworth CP (Civil Prison). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Prison. Winchester
CP (Civil Prison) 3.7.16 discharged 25.8.16 to HOS (The Home Office Scheme,
administered by the Brace Committee), Dyce; Committed to Wormwood S.2.11.16
transfer to Wandsworth CP (Civil Prison) 24.1.17 to 28.3.17; Wandsworth CP
(Civil Prison) 30.5.17 to 28.6.17 to Brixton (Wandsworth June 1917 - work
strike then transfer to Brixton); Wandsworth CP (Civil Prison) 4.9.18 to
release 8.4.19; By Jan.1919 had served 4 sentences and more than two years.
Released 6.1.19 (1913 Ill Health Act) returned after 62 days; Released from
Wandsworth CP (Civil Prison) March 1919 after two years in prison. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Work Centre HOS (The Home Office Scheme, administered by
the Brace Committee) Dyce 8.11.16, 2 months HOS (The Home Office Scheme,
administered by the Brace Committee) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Work Centre
comments Rejected HOS (The Home Office
Scheme, administered by the Brace Committee) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">WO363 false <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Notes *Aldred was a
famous public speaker, journalist of the left. Originally from London he moved
to Glasgow during the war and settled there. *FH/FSC/SER 3 has him as 'G. A.
Alfred'; <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Sources<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Tribunal 25.5.16;
13.7.16; Cumbria RO(Carlisle)D/Mar/4/21; J.T.Caldwell (1988); Oxford DNB(2004);
NA/WO86/70/33, 70/169, 76/35, 84/69; Hampshire R.O. Winchester CP (Civil
Prison) Register 16.3.15 to 16.4.17; FH/FSC(1916/20)/SER 3, SER 3 - COIB Two
Year Men; NCF (No-Conscription Fellowship)/COIB Dyce CO list 8.11.16 in
FH/FSC(1916/20)/SER6; LMA/ACC/3444/P12/01/182 and 183 Wandsworth Nominal
Register; NA/MH47/1 Central Tribunal Minutes; FH/SER/VOPC/Cases/1; <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Record set: Conscientious Objectors' Register 1914-1918</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">A fuller account is given in <i>Come Dungeons Dark</i>, John Taylor Caldwell's biography of Aldred (Luath Press, 1988).</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWpqZOUuoWr6mduQHd5lmGwlz3OTsfASHVkiPt1zzcJ-9KlQzaE4c61PE__4QBxQ823AUO9aTwTF8IacgskvyyM4Fxofpa-tdZHJS07LHanOHmNqo-O-Ti3DPQ-kTMXtek7UGBgKMUdrDA/s1600/Aldred_JTC_front.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="900" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWpqZOUuoWr6mduQHd5lmGwlz3OTsfASHVkiPt1zzcJ-9KlQzaE4c61PE__4QBxQ823AUO9aTwTF8IacgskvyyM4Fxofpa-tdZHJS07LHanOHmNqo-O-Ti3DPQ-kTMXtek7UGBgKMUdrDA/s320/Aldred_JTC_front.jpg" width="180" /></a></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTodxS2Z9r15vOVqJheMjZSd1yClsOW_1hwhAMWtcUHlnljd0fa5UtVkVmNlylQvqNvosWgMOo6yK1R7v64Af5RDg4sxv1nCb2K0MjnR4L3Midf1E-0tHlDJLVe9t3O4yabY5swu1WzCDC/s1600/Aldred_JTC_back.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="900" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTodxS2Z9r15vOVqJheMjZSd1yClsOW_1hwhAMWtcUHlnljd0fa5UtVkVmNlylQvqNvosWgMOo6yK1R7v64Af5RDg4sxv1nCb2K0MjnR4L3Midf1E-0tHlDJLVe9t3O4yabY5swu1WzCDC/s400/Aldred_JTC_back.jpg" width="225" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<i>To follow: Some more about selected COs from Chiswick. </i></div>
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SmothPubshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13111109728985633135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8785092262719769427.post-30944120388019872662018-08-24T05:09:00.003-07:002018-08-29T09:18:45.066-07:00Knowing the soon-to-be 'enemy': Presenting Germany to British readers in 1913-14<span style="font-family: "calibri";">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">As previously noted, one of the books found in the Flett family's <a href="http://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2018/06/examples-of-family-reading-in-scotland.html">collection</a> was:</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><strong><em>The Germany of Today</em></strong>, by Charles Tower (Home University of Modern Knowledge series). First printed July 1913, reprinted August 1914.</span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbT5XgZ81nRaxAmhSbwQqKfeSrqYau5DhCN3Wyv9bf7O7jry-mdLzKv-gxXmIzhWNQSq_GZcxktWA1Nouja2HG0I3XedeCpgCG0M_L718AtKgzisJNY6drNU6OnltDcKGjHlesGfqstWnP/s1600/Tower+Germany+crop.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1254" data-original-width="1440" height="348" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbT5XgZ81nRaxAmhSbwQqKfeSrqYau5DhCN3Wyv9bf7O7jry-mdLzKv-gxXmIzhWNQSq_GZcxktWA1Nouja2HG0I3XedeCpgCG0M_L718AtKgzisJNY6drNU6OnltDcKGjHlesGfqstWnP/s400/Tower+Germany+crop.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Home University Library of Modern Knowledge was a valued resource for self-education </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The author gives a thorough, informative and nuanced account of many aspects of German life and society, as indicated in the selected notes and quotations below. He notes that his subject was one he could expect to interest many British readers, (presumably including Scots, like the family in whose collection it was found, and Welsh, although he uses the term 'England' rather than 'Britain' almost invariably throughout):<br />
<div dir="ltr">
<ul>
<li>p 254 Bibliographical note. "The literature dealing with Germany is now so extensive that it is possible to study most departments of German life and activity at home and abroad in excellent English works."</li>
<li>Introduction p.8 "The Germans, their ambitions, achievements, methods, men and manners, are so continuously the topic of private conversation and public debate in English-speaking countries..." </li>
</ul>
</div>
Some of what he says about England and the English by way of comparison and contrast does, however, apply particularly to that part of Britain.<br />
<ul>
<li>p.143 The German [educational] system... levels all to an average, almost to a uniformity. The English system turns out some lanky weeds and some stunted growths but it also turns out some, even many, first-class plants of a kind much less frequent in Germany.</li>
</ul>
<u>Education</u> (Chapter VI) is perhaps the area in which he has most of interest to say, and to reveal about his own attitudes. His critique of the German system (n<span style="font-family: "calibri";">ot based on building up of character so not education in the best sense)</span> is rooted in his observations about the <span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">country being "so overwhelmingly given up to the military hierarchy" (p.142). </span>A certificate was required for eligibility to serve as a "volunteer" and therefore entailed shorter (compulsory) military service:<br />
<ul>
<li>p.129 elementary schooling nowhere neglected, of course free; compulsory for ages 6-14. </li>
<li>130 literacy high. Formation of character weak in higher branches.</li>
<li>134 Continuation. Specialisation. 143 staff, influence.</li>
<li>146 doctrine that individual exists for the state machine. </li>
<li>147-148 high pressure system - short-sighted.</li>
</ul>
German <u>Universities</u> are criticised for being too functional, geared to future employment, "not regarded as the completion of a general education":<br />
<ul>
<li>149 "Man is a productive animal" seems to be the byword. Specific purpose; student life tending to lose social character. </li>
</ul>
Although in the earlier part of the discussion (pp.138-) reference is made repeatedly to "(school)boys" it turns out that Tower is far from disregarding the fate of females in the education system, or elsewhere:<br />
<ul>
<li>147-8 Higher education of girls less organised and state controlled. Tendency to conform courses as boys' schools. feminine competition in public life. Drift to factory and shop work seen as something to be prevented. Household management, care of children, domestic economy.</li>
<li>p.155 The majority of German universities are now open also to women, and there are considerable numbers of unattached female auditors as well as the regular students. Strangely enough, "misogyny" amongst university lecturers, once rather common, is by no means extinct. Certain well-known lecturers, at Berlin University and elsewhere, still refuse to lecture before a mixed audience.</li>
</ul>
He also analyses attitudes to <u>gender</u> in society at large:<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">p.216. There is, perhaps, a pronounced survival of the "goods and chattels" treatment of German womenfolk, which strikes visitors as sometimes silly and sometimes merely barbarian.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">- 217...but it is neither true to say that the German is essentially discourteous in his feelings towards women...nor is it prudent to draw the conclusion that except in the event of a huge social upheaval woman will never take the prominent place in the life of the nation that she has made for herself elsewhere.</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul>
</ul>
Generalisations naturally abound, and there is frequent reference to stereotypes, but Tower is at pains not to accord blanket endorsement to these, and to point out that there are different sorts of German:<br />
<ul>
<li>p.9 It is possible that some of the antipathy sometimes displayed is felt instinctively not for the German Empire, but the old Prussian nucleus...</li>
<li>p.14. That they might live at last in peace, might develop their own resources by mutual assistance, the State of modern Germany, led by iron-handed Prussia, came to found the modern Empire. </li>
</ul>
Nevertheless the themes of <u>bureaucracy</u>, and a pervasive fixation on order, orders and <u>militarism</u> keep coming up:<br />
<div dir="ltr">
<ul>
<li>pp.162-3 No one who has watched the vast army of Berlin Socialist demonstrators marching out... to some one of the great parks or commons can mistake the character of the formation or the habit of mind which makes such an orderly political demonstration possible... The desired effect is produced by the leaders not by the led... There is no pretence that the demonstration is the spontaneous outburst of an infuriated populace.</li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">p.214,The German people, as individuals, are characterized by a great degree, not only
of sociability, but also of apparently psychological necessity for concerted or
combined action in all phases of their social life... [T]here appears to be a
certain distaste for the impromptu...</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">227
There is still no more remarkable sight than a great German open-air beer
garden on a summer evening... Or if a still more striking example of German
orderliness and cleanliness been in required, it might be found in one of the
great annual Socialist meetings under cover. </span></li>
</ul>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiycTnGDuZU3lAX4HhdQlF_KQAPJTpeZBdsnSCMceMZ49hW7RcW9T8KzqIV__x1JRSAhGcC1ONQcxaXWx2KCt0qx5fmSyC8bSB0GMJEAo4Re4GGDORIhXZpCTS83HOJizoLn-Zho7UgJUuP/s1600/Tower+Reichstag+pages+retry.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1228" data-original-width="1600" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiycTnGDuZU3lAX4HhdQlF_KQAPJTpeZBdsnSCMceMZ49hW7RcW9T8KzqIV__x1JRSAhGcC1ONQcxaXWx2KCt0qx5fmSyC8bSB0GMJEAo4Re4GGDORIhXZpCTS83HOJizoLn-Zho7UgJUuP/s400/Tower+Reichstag+pages+retry.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">On parties in the Reichstag</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Some further selected points to give an idea of the book's scope and detail (underlining added):<br />
<br />
Ch.II Kaiser etc.<br />
<ul>
<li>p.30. Of the chief parties in the [Reichstag] House the <u>Socialist</u> is now the strongest... because it is the only party which adequately represents democratic opposition.</li>
<li>43. It is against this wholly illiberal system that the Prussian Socialists are constantly protesting... (Lower House completely controlled by the rich classes) the Upper House is in reality no less reactionary. -44</li>
<li>45...It can scarcely be doubted that far-reaching changes must come in the near future.</li>
<li>The basis of the reactionary system in Germany... is simply that the current of ideas both in the Empire and in most of the States is from the <u>top downwards</u>, not from the bottom upwards.-46</li>
</ul>
Ch.III Executive, Bureaucracy etc.<br />
<ul>
<li>p.48...the custom to talk of Germany as a bureaucratic country. -49 but no Imperial bureaucracy.</li>
<li>p.55. In general it cannot be said that Germans feel the same objection as in England. Responsibility removed: hedged about with palissade of exasperating <u>regulations</u>. Not uniform, almost unnoticeable in some parts, for foreigners.</li>
<li>56-57 <u>Police</u>: data collection, surveillance; whereabouts (availability for military service). Theft of ID and papers easy. -58 almost always recruited from army. Separate police controlling activists. Powers extensive. Discourtesy and insolence towards public exceptional but victims powerless. </li>
<li>-59 all departments of German life "inelastic"; by prescription. Inability to adapt.</li>
<li>61 growing unpopularity, suspicion of police. Special work of watching foreigners.</li>
</ul>
Ch.IV Armed forces etc.<br />
<ul>
<li>p.69 Military ethos. Costs, statistics.</li>
<li>93-94. <u>Paternal</u> system of govt. National insurance, welfare includes provision in case of workplace accident, and for working mothers, but not unemployment.</li>
<li>96 protectorates, <u>colonies</u>. 97 Germans valued as colonists everywhere. 98 No place in the sun - common complaint. </li>
<li>pp.98-99. It is possible in fact that German <u>emigration</u> is partly encouraged by the desire to find countries where bureaucratic organisation is less perfect, where the State is less all-important, and where the individual counts a lot more.</li>
</ul>
Ch.V Municipalities<br />
<ul>
<li>p.100 mind-picture of <u>Berlin</u> from films as Gay City etc. 102 less concentration of intellectual, social, economic life than London. </li>
<li>103-5 "between state and individual" - no true communal solidarity. Towns as democratic threat.</li>
<li> -106,107 amateurism little tolerated in public life. </li>
<li>108 industry, urbanisation; troops in towns. 116 night life</li>
<li>117 <u>housing</u>; streets: "frequently jerry-built. Lower-class districts. 119 tram congestion 120 flats contrasted with London's "little houses": "Barrack flats".</li>
<li>121 declining birth rate in six towns. Land speculation. </li>
<li>122 veto on skyscrapers. 123-4 housing agencies; inspectors inc.female.</li>
<li>127 municipalities, firms building for workers. 128 garden city movement, from England.</li>
</ul>
Ch.VII Industry.<br />
<div>
<div dir="ltr">
<ul>
<li>p.160 Germans generally show a marvellous capacity for being <u>organised</u> - whether inherent or due to military training - virtue carried at times to excess which renders it a vice.</li>
<li>161 <u>in the interests of the State or the capitalist</u>.</li>
<li>162 the <u>German Social Democracy</u>, probably the most astonishingly perfect political organisation the world has ever seen, would not be possible in any other country in Europe. 163. Demonstration: no noise, no conflict; for and on behalf of leaders not led.</li>
<li>p.176 German a "born <u>grumbler</u>", less disposed to give grumblings effective force...no longer acutely conscious of being outraged as an individual. </li>
<li>Reducing factory labour to level of simple obedience to rule. 177 number of employees increases, of employers does not. </li>
<li>178-9 Socialist Party in Reichstag has developed into a permanent opposition. </li>
<li>179 absurdity of Prussian feudalism and bureaucracy. 181 "organised workmen" [but again, some attention paid to women workers].</li>
<li>p.182 1911 2566 <u>strikes</u> involving 10,000 firms, 600,000 workmen.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
Ch.VIII Agricultural<br />
<ul>
<li>p 185 inelastic system of govt must be supported by conservative majority.</li>
<li>186 ideal of complete self-sufficiency in food and support. 188 opposition to international interdependence.</li>
<li>194 serfdom abolished in Prussia only in 1807. 195 labour organisation has made little progress; obstruction.</li>
<li>197 foreign seasonal labour, "sometimes semi-savage"</li>
<li>204 cooperative societies affiliated in central unions.</li>
</ul>
Ch.IX. Castes and Classes. </div>
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<li>p.209 supremacy of the official caste; status of the uniform, esp military. </li>
<li>210-212 civil officialdom; grades, observances; titles, medals, decorations.</li>
<li>p.214 rules and regs for simplest functions.</li>
<li>215 <i>Verein</i>. Clubs, banding together esp. males; singleton seen as <i>unbekleidet</i> (unclothed).</li>
<li><u>Position of women</u> often discussed.</li>
<li>217 German people only just emerging from...poverty of experience... </li>
<li>-218 **That the German male does not on the whole regard his women folk [sic] as having missed their one true function if they are not "broad-bosomed mothers of stout sons" it would be absurd to deny, and it is no less true that the beauty of motherhood is apt to be almost officially subordinated to the mechanical "duty" of women to provide males for the service of the State, its defence or its economic prosperity.** </li>
<li>State system of protection for mothers; "appalling statistics of German illegitimacy". Extreme materialism. Numerical surplus of women; expansion of sphere of activity. </li>
<li>219 attempts to restrict employment opportunities; example of ridiculous (sexist) pamphlet.</li>
<li>p.221 no "dynasty of domestic servants"; factory etc preferred. </li>
<li>224 annual exodus to playgrounds of Europe. 227 beer gardens. </li>
<li>-228 Socialist meetings. Germans in general appear to be growing more excitable, or neurasthenic... Demonstrations of public opinion. Nervous strain of modern competitive life.</li>
<li>229 <u>village life</u>: great kindliness esp towards foreigners, unlike Berlin.</li>
</ul>
Ch.X. Intellectual Life </div>
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<ul>
<li>p.230 Questionable if non-native qualified to expound on this… </li>
<li>231 Indifferentism prominent,
undeniable feature of <u>religious</u> life. Problem of religious education; demands
of free-thinkers. “Secularization of society”. Church tax, excluding declared “dissidents”.</li>
<li>234 Intellectual, <u>literary</u> taste, as catholic as any other country </li>
<li>235
Dangerous character of much cheap literature. Association for Fighting Filth in Word
and Pictures. </li>
<li>236 Amazing knowledge of classical lit of other countries, in
original. </li>
<li>241 Movement to reflect times, <i>Stimmung</i>. </li>
<li>243 “Democratic”/”People’s
Stage” most remarkable effort on part of working classes themselves; 17000
members</li>
<li>248 Demand growing for relaxation rather than education.</li>
<li><u>Press</u> – papers based in old capitals, not metropolitan centred. </li>
<li>-249 Agency reports attached
to parties and factions. Local papers adhering to government views in exchange
for ads. Forcing views on public from top down; “semi-official”. </li>
<li>-250 Losing
popularity; concealed inspiration, confusion. </li>
<li>251 Journalism not getting social
recognition. </li>
<li>Satirical press, accusations of vulgarity, would not be tolerated
by British readers. Curious spirit of reaction against<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> mock-purism of </span>officialdom. Engaged to attack persons not
principles, gross personal tone, reactionary effect. </li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiNYK0nJf5Fff8Zf3xTEnKvPsFK6J5niLA9vUUJNJPfTzUg9GppBwzI3_0pzBYNOgVSRd6MW7fmrPfu-JiUQ788eJpzuk_5SA2AajBlMr_MDKaTl5AqxPUlPVCtftOGPhcfXE9NByGotjr/s1600/Tower+Germany+spine.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="715" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiNYK0nJf5Fff8Zf3xTEnKvPsFK6J5niLA9vUUJNJPfTzUg9GppBwzI3_0pzBYNOgVSRd6MW7fmrPfu-JiUQ788eJpzuk_5SA2AajBlMr_MDKaTl5AqxPUlPVCtftOGPhcfXE9NByGotjr/s200/Tower+Germany+spine.jpg" width="89" /></a>***************</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgY3TqO3UyRMj6Tv1qG6GFT95MMc8rj7QlJu-19Fk0ebkJk2FXOMq8DhnfQlSXPCW0at79J6Q2_veQM48EVbMtVwnCHd4vRs2ZXri6psNA8mSUrQjs4FQGn-RuuHoPNSS9jwPy8_5jem2k/s1600/Tower+Germany+front.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1307" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgY3TqO3UyRMj6Tv1qG6GFT95MMc8rj7QlJu-19Fk0ebkJk2FXOMq8DhnfQlSXPCW0at79J6Q2_veQM48EVbMtVwnCHd4vRs2ZXri6psNA8mSUrQjs4FQGn-RuuHoPNSS9jwPy8_5jem2k/s200/Tower+Germany+front.jpg" width="163" /></a>The Author's Introduction is dated June 1913. When the book was reprinted in August the following year, its subject matter had become still more urgently the concern of British readers, but a quest for nuanced understanding was not generally to the fore. </div>
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