(Extracts from the diary
are paraphrased rather than verbatim, except when in inverted commas; page references are to editorial material in the book Diary of Kenneth A MacRae).
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| The Old Free Church manse in Stornoway, from the book of the Diary. The minister's study was on the ground-floor, on the right here. |
On leaving Skye, he recorded how some men were moved to tears at his departure, and shared their emotion. In view of the grimly unemotional image of Scottish Presbyterianism, it's surprising how frequently weeping and tears, especially those of men (including Lewismen), occur in his pages - usually in connection with religion. (Laughter, not so much, although we are assured he had a sense of humour.)
23-12-31...the case of a man, a proper rascal, who was seen
in the Seminary.. with the tears streaming down his face. Should this man be
brought in [to join the Church] I am told it will shake the town...
11-10-32 It is very seldom that I see tears after worship when visiting [people in their homes] here. Today i had that experience, more common in Skye... the woman in question was a St. Kildan. The Lewis people never struck me as being emotional, they are too hard-headed for that.
12-4-34 Feeling homesick... makes this island seem very drab and dull.
29-5-54 'Flowers of the Forest' [traditional song/tune, heard in Australia] upset me entirely, I had to go outside.
He was well aware of issues such poverty, unemployment and housing, while not being inclined to take action outside what he saw as the remit of his ministry:
26-10-31 ... Also in the poorer quarters of the town, how miserable many of the houses are!
24-11-33 Visit to New Valley [just outside the town]: the houses there are mostly poor and one wonders how they make a living at all.
1-10-33 Service - at the close spoke to the young men against the suggestion in the local newspaper that the ministers should busy themselves in providing employment for the workless.
The fishing industry, in decline since the First World War, was still important:
2-10-33 Tonight the first batch of ["herring"] girls leave for Yarmouth for 3 months [seasonal migrant labour], with two ministers [to cater for their spiritual welfare, and no doubt keep an eye on them].
5-6-32 English service in the church for the first time attended by [among others] some sailors from a warship. and some East Coast fishermen.
(English services had been held in a different building, the Seminary. Gaelic congregations were larger, hundreds-strong. Although not a native speaker, MacRae said he preferred the Gaelic, finding in it "a certain sweetness I cannot get in the English". He preached tirelessly in both languages.)
28-6-32 People are troubled because of the poor fishing.
5-6-32 English service in the church for the first time attended by [among others] some sailors from a warship. and some East Coast fishermen.
(English services had been held in a different building, the Seminary. Gaelic congregations were larger, hundreds-strong. Although not a native speaker, MacRae said he preferred the Gaelic, finding in it "a certain sweetness I cannot get in the English". He preached tirelessly in both languages.)
28-6-32 People are troubled because of the poor fishing.
The fixation on Sunday observance for which MacRae
was most celebrated, or notorious, was of long standing but inevitably continued and intensified after his move in
1931 to the Stornoway Free Church (2-9-31 Induction. Church packed). He had already found support on the island,
having received a letter in December 1930 from the Lewis presbytery congratulating
him on the success of the Sabbath League.
Religious observance was of course not only for Sundays, and
Thursdays were sometimes designated to be special too:
2-11-31 Week of Humiliation and Prayer on account of the state of the country.
[There were several such Weeks, and Days, ordained by the Free Church at national level].
2-11-31 Week of Humiliation and Prayer on account of the state of the country.
[There were several such Weeks, and Days, ordained by the Free Church at national level].
26-11-31 Thursday. This being
Harvest Thanksgiving had services just as on a Sabbath. Was glad to find shops
and the school closed. Yet the scholars were too prone to regard it as a
holiday and preferred to amuse themselves rather than attend church.
18-4-36 thankful to get the Lochness petition [against Sunday sailing] away last night. It bore 10,251 signatures. [Note, p.300: owners proposed mailboat should leave on Sunday night; petition successful.]
His year out in Australia, 1953-54, and the process of getting there, inflicted some shocks to the system. The voyage out on the Orontes was a sore trial when it came to the Sabbath. He did not go so far as to object to the crew working to keep the vessel moving - "necessity and mercy" probably covered that - but he deplored the Church of England-style service, "mainly music and mummery" (12-5-53) A week later, to make things worse, at Port Said small boats came out to the ship in a "veritable pandemonium of bartering, buying and selling... But the people who bought were more guilty than the sellers .. Sabbath was a miserable day and I was glad when it was over."
5-4-54 Sydney on the Sabbath is a sad place... even worse than Melbourne.
His year out in Australia, 1953-54, and the process of getting there, inflicted some shocks to the system. The voyage out on the Orontes was a sore trial when it came to the Sabbath. He did not go so far as to object to the crew working to keep the vessel moving - "necessity and mercy" probably covered that - but he deplored the Church of England-style service, "mainly music and mummery" (12-5-53) A week later, to make things worse, at Port Said small boats came out to the ship in a "veritable pandemonium of bartering, buying and selling... But the people who bought were more guilty than the sellers .. Sabbath was a miserable day and I was glad when it was over."
5-4-54 Sydney on the Sabbath is a sad place... even worse than Melbourne.
Back in Britain, things sometimes looked not much better.
1957 [Farnborough Air Show disaster,
letter:] What alarms is the conduct of the promoters and attendees in carrying
on after such a dreadful occurrence. Next day, the Lord's Day, a crowd of up to
150,000 attended. [There are other occasions where apparent 'callousness' at deaths strikes him, but this time the fact of the Sabbath evidently makes it even more reprehensible].
(p.471) Reference to hysterical reception in Glasgow on Sabbath night of American film star. “Britain, in abandoning the Sabbath, has lost her crown.”
(p.471) Reference to hysterical reception in Glasgow on Sabbath night of American film star. “Britain, in abandoning the Sabbath, has lost her crown.”
Politically, it is no surprise to find that the minister was not well
disposed to those of the left. This had been made explicit in his reaction to what must have
been a lively election campaign, after the first few months of Labour government:
29-10-24 Cycled in to Uig to record my Parliamentary vote. For the first time on
record, socialism is receiving uncommon support in these parts [his ministry
was in Skye at this time] but this is mainly due to the activities of a few of
the advanced type and to the fact that people have not come in contact with the
thing itself. It is a solemn day for the country. May the Lord save us
from the hands of the godless schemers who are trying to seize the upper hand
in the land!
(A Liberal , Alexander Liviingstone, was elected to the Western Isles in 1924; the constituency had a Labour MP, Malcolm K Macmillan, from 1935 until 1970.)
(A Liberal , Alexander Liviingstone, was elected to the Western Isles in 1924; the constituency had a Labour MP, Malcolm K Macmillan, from 1935 until 1970.)
He took a dim view of industrial action:
19-5-33 A dispute has
broken out between curers and fishermen which threatens to have very serious
consequences for Stornoway. Last night two trawlers and some of the drifters
dumped their catch in the sea, a wicked act which is likely to bring its own
punishment. Such a dispute in the present state of the industry is suicidal.
May the poor not suffer from it!
(Twenty years later, during his year in Australia) 13-4-54 Sydney. Saw the Radnor which the dockers refused to load because she is going to Indo-China with arms to help the French - now being loaded by servicemen. Communism is active in Australia and the situation calls urgently for firm handling by the government.
(Twenty years later, during his year in Australia) 13-4-54 Sydney. Saw the Radnor which the dockers refused to load because she is going to Indo-China with arms to help the French - now being loaded by servicemen. Communism is active in Australia and the situation calls urgently for firm handling by the government.
Comments on the international situation between the wars are
few; one stands out:
5-10-35 The wireless reported... the Italians bombing
Adowa (Abyssinia [Ethiopia]). If ever there was an unjustifiable war in history this is
it. Apparently it was a sheer massacre on a tremendous scale, and considering
what modern weapons are, if the war is to continue it cannot be anything else.
It will be a foul blot on the name of Italy for generations, and all to satiate
the vain-glory of one ambitious, relentless despot! May Britain be kept out of
it!
[Later, however, when Britain was at war, he was to castigate Neville Chamberlain for "betraying" Abyssinia among other places.]
[Later, however, when Britain was at war, he was to castigate Neville Chamberlain for "betraying" Abyssinia among other places.]
23-10-48 [Another] Day of Humiliation and Prayer on account of the deplorable state of the world.
At national level, he may have been right-wing in some respects but was no respecter of worldly persons, whose behaviour he often denounced from the pulpit, and certainly no royalist:
At national level, he may have been right-wing in some respects but was no respecter of worldly persons, whose behaviour he often denounced from the pulpit, and certainly no royalist:
25-1-36 The King yielded to a
Greater on Sabbath.. I fear [Edward VII] will not be an influence helpful
to true evangelical righteousness. Yet the Lord may change him.
11-12-36 [Abdication.] It is a great blessing and a merciful deliverance!
11-12-36 [Abdication.] It is a great blessing and a merciful deliverance!
6-6-53 [Coronation, when he was on
board ship heading for Australia] A day of extra vanity… Nonsensical
observances… Country given over to vanity... Port wine, declined… Walked out
after dinner. Retired early, heard things went to a great length.
[No doubt he would have had something to say about the announcement in a news item on 7-1-18 that yet another royal event was to be accompanied by extended licensing hours.]
[No doubt he would have had something to say about the announcement in a news item on 7-1-18 that yet another royal event was to be accompanied by extended licensing hours.]
While he was in Australia he criticised the fact that the
programme for a royal visit was not affected by a train disaster in New Zealand
in which 166 people lost their lives, “sport and pleasure” being paramount.
On the occasion of the royal visit to Stornoway in 1956 he declined to be presented to the Queen, on the grounds that she wasn’t someone he wanted to meet, having persistently violated the fourth commandment (“Remember the Sabbath Day…”) by attending polo matches in particular, and had also received Russian politicians. This principled stance caused “considerable public comment”.
Locally, he had no hesitation in making his views known and asserting his influence beyond his own large congregation, believing it was incumbent on him to do so. (This included periodically testing the scripture knowledge of pupils in the Nicolson Institute, both primary and secondary, and conducting services in the boys' and girls' hostels.)
20-6-32 examined 7 classes in the Nicolson in Religious Instruction.
On the occasion of the royal visit to Stornoway in 1956 he declined to be presented to the Queen, on the grounds that she wasn’t someone he wanted to meet, having persistently violated the fourth commandment (“Remember the Sabbath Day…”) by attending polo matches in particular, and had also received Russian politicians. This principled stance caused “considerable public comment”.
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| Stornoway, showing part of the inner harbour. The Free Church is building with the tower and roof on the left. (The spire on the right would be Martin's Memorial Church of Scotland). |
20-6-32 examined 7 classes in the Nicolson in Religious Instruction.
1-1-46 Peace has come, but the nations are restless and
uneasy. Politically and economically the year promises to be a very difficult
one. Memo re Sabbath night sailings of the Loch Seaforth. Sent copies of a
pamphlet to the Provost and also to one of our Baillies who is a great
opponent [this may have been Roderick Smith; Calum Smith was not a Baillie at this time].
16-11-46 Town Council agreed to go to the Free Church... Resolved
to set before them their relationship as civic rulers to the law and
sovereignty of Christ.
(Diary Editor's note) p.380 It was the custom for every new Town Council to attend one of the local churches in a body.
He later recalled postwar austerity when he met an exiled compatriot (13-2-54): Miss M A MacRae "who sent so many parcels to us during rationing in Scotland".
He was no pro-European when it came to postwar develpments:
31-1-63 Britain denied entrance to Common Market [preceding the European Union]. We are full of rejoicing.
One of the more commendable sides to his ministry and social concern, from the point of view of later generations, may be its inclusiveness, extending to the “underclass” of travellers, or tinkers.
(Diary Editor's note) p.380 It was the custom for every new Town Council to attend one of the local churches in a body.
He later recalled postwar austerity when he met an exiled compatriot (13-2-54): Miss M A MacRae "who sent so many parcels to us during rationing in Scotland".
He was no pro-European when it came to postwar develpments:
31-1-63 Britain denied entrance to Common Market [preceding the European Union]. We are full of rejoicing.
One of the more commendable sides to his ministry and social concern, from the point of view of later generations, may be its inclusiveness, extending to the “underclass” of travellers, or tinkers.
9-1-49 Tinker wedding at
Marybank. The road to the house was awful and the rain was just slashing down. The house was full, but what surprised me most was the nice appearance of the young girls.In their best clothes they would never be taken for tinkers. The bridegroom, a young man aged 22, could not sign his name. This also surprised me. The best man signed army style, surname first, in great scrawling handwriting. The bride, a pretty young girl of 18 with a delicate pink and white complexion, came of the Newmarket Camp. She signed very readily with a quick running hand, as did her sister, the bridesmaid. They were very raw about matters and an onlooker no doubt would have seen much to amuse him, but they were very amenable to guidance and correction. I asked them to come to church, but I don't expect them. Somehow I feel very sorry for them all - outcasts, almost, from society.
11-10-47 Funeral of a little
tinker boy who had died in hospital. In one of the erections of beaten-out
tins which today are beginning to replace the traditional tents. Felt somewhat
moved at the power of death which at a stroke sweeps away all the distinctions
of class and station. Pity for the poor creatures who
seemed so patient in their grief. As we returned, the Laxdale schoolboys were
lined on both sides of the road to pay their respects to the dust of their
little schoolfellow - the tinker boy. I thought the schoolmaster's gesture a
very thoughtful and considerate one.
2-1-50 Conducted a meeting in a
tinker's shanty on the Barvas road in which a death had taken place... Felt somewhat moved in that strange company, especially when I realised
how these poor creatures had an equal claim with ourselves to the
blessings of salvation in Christ.
14-10-50 Weather: only about 390 at Gaelic service. Was surprised and touched to see the poor old tinker woman, who lost her husband some months ago, present in a black dress with a young girl beside her. Oh if the gospel would take root out there - !
14-10-50 Weather: only about 390 at Gaelic service. Was surprised and touched to see the poor old tinker woman, who lost her husband some months ago, present in a black dress with a young girl beside her. Oh if the gospel would take root out there - !
Although it’s still a question of “them” as distinct from "us", not all his parishioners would have been equally sympathetic and
well-disposed, and the tinkers’ problems are not over even now.
Alcoholism was a long-term problem,which he was not slow to tackle:
20-4-32 Lecture. Addressed the Drink question.
20-4-32 Lecture. Addressed the Drink question.
(p.373) The Curse of Strong Drink: A traditional evil which MacRae was convinced was due to massive promotion campaigns. During the war it had
disturbed him very deeply that unlimited quantities of free beer had been
authorised for service men and women in Stornoway on Christmas day.
1-1-60 ...Drink has demoralised this generation, men and women.
1-1-60 ...Drink has demoralised this generation, men and women.
Health in general was another inescapable preoccupation, and visiting the sick was a duty which he took seriously.
6-9-31 Service in the Sanatorium. (p.283: TB was a scourge on the island, the Sanatorium always full).
26-10-31 How well many of the poor creatures look and how pretty many of the girls are! Also in the poorer quarters of the town, how miserable many of the houses are! 26-12-33 visiting Sanatorium
20-1-32 It is a sad place. (- The Sanatorium, known as the Sanny or the ID, was the hospital for Infectious Diseases just outside Stornoway.)
11-9-31 Hospital; many poor creatures.
6-10 Meeting at Poorhouse (Coulregrein House, the former workhouse); most audience mental defectives.
6-9-31 Service in the Sanatorium. (p.283: TB was a scourge on the island, the Sanatorium always full).
26-10-31 How well many of the poor creatures look and how pretty many of the girls are! Also in the poorer quarters of the town, how miserable many of the houses are! 26-12-33 visiting Sanatorium
20-1-32 It is a sad place. (- The Sanatorium, known as the Sanny or the ID, was the hospital for Infectious Diseases just outside Stornoway.)
11-9-31 Hospital; many poor creatures.
6-10 Meeting at Poorhouse (Coulregrein House, the former workhouse); most audience mental defectives.
11-1-34 Sick very numerous... getting beyond me.
18-1-34 Heard my visits to Sanatorium much appreciated by
patients there.
20-4-35 Poor dying girl, last stages of consumption.
7-3-36 Town is full of sickness, and flu, complicated by septic throat or pneumonia, is rife... I have to go among such cases...
He had his own health probelms: (p.462) serious illness 1957-58; operation in Lewis hospital: "Treated here like a king. Matron, Sisters and most nurses are very nice; some of the girlies are pure gold."
20-4-35 Poor dying girl, last stages of consumption.
7-3-36 Town is full of sickness, and flu, complicated by septic throat or pneumonia, is rife... I have to go among such cases...
He had his own health probelms: (p.462) serious illness 1957-58; operation in Lewis hospital: "Treated here like a king. Matron, Sisters and most nurses are very nice; some of the girlies are pure gold."
Inevitably the weather could not always be ignored, although it was not always the worst place to be it was said that the mean temperature in Stornoway was higher than in Cambridge (p.229), and one year there was a drought on Skye (where he was visiting) in early March 1963. He often travelled back and forth to the mainland and to Skye, suffering several storm-tossed crossings of the Minch.
14-15/1-32 flooding; seldom seen such rain, unprecedented.
15/16-12-36 Tuesday might's gale: harbour blocked by masses of tangled nets. 90 mph wind.
14-3-47 (After 8 weeks of wintry weather and heavy snow -) view exceedingly pretty.
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| Clearing Snow. Really snowy winters were unusual, but this is Stornoway in 1955. |
==============
The religious preoccupations and logging of Free Church life that make up the vast bulk of MacRae's diary entries during his more than 3 decades in Stornoway may be looked at, selectively, in a later post.
Extract from 'As Safety Saw It':- Historian Wanted
Extract from 'As Safety Saw It':- Historian Wanted
I REMEMBER at one time during
the troubled years prior to the outbreak of the last war being involved in a
discussion on the teaching of history; and to prove a point that I was making
my fellows and myself decided to ask some schoolboys a few questions. We found
that they could all tell us that Julius Caesar came to Britain in 55 B.C., and
that the Battle of Hastings was fought in 1066. None of them could tell us the
date of the Russian Revolution and only one could tell us when the late
unlamented Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany. The relative immediate importance
upon their lives of the events of which they had heard little or nothing was
borne out by subsequent events. These boys found themselves fighting Hitler
before 1945 and those that survived were involved in a “cold” war after the
other one was over.
The
reason why my mind cast back close on twenty years to that discussion is that
someone has just remarked to me how little we know of the history of our own
island. For it must in honesty be admitted that the majority of us know very
little of it. The name of the notorious Domhnull Cam [Macaulay] is almost a
household word, but in how many of these households could anyone say in what
century he carried out his bold and often nefarious exploits?
Now
if knowledge of history has any value, and if a historical education on a
national or international basis bestows benefits – not the least of which can
be the benefit of profiting by our predecessors’ mistakes and not repeating
them – then surely knowledge of the history of our own community could bestow an
equal or even greater benefit. It is even possible that some of the difficult
situations that arise in Lewis today had their counterparts in the events of
long ago, and that a better grasp of what happened then could help those
concerned to decide what to do now. We should know what impacts were made on
our island way of life and story by Scottish and even world history. And
equally we should know what impact our island made in return.
If
one only considers what a great deal of archaeological research has been
carried out in Lewis it is astonishing that so very little of these researches
is known to the people who should be most concerned – the people whose history
is being unearthed and revealed. What is wanted, in my opinion, is a new
history of Lewis; a history that gives us first of all the story produced by
co-ordinating and giving continuity to the findings of archaeologists, and
secondly gives us the later story as pieced together from all the written
material available.
Dr
Macdonald, Gisla, has done a commendable amount of research covering several
centuries; and he has written and published tales that are invaluable in giving
an insight into what was going on in some areas of Lewis at certain times. For
very often one paragraph from an old manuscript or letter dealing with everyday
affairs of ordinary men and women can throw more light upon a country and its
people than can whole chapters dealing with the speeches of statesmen or the
conduct of wars.
Within
the short compass of one small book, G. M. Trevelyan has given us, in my
opinion, the most readable and the most educative history of England that is
available today – covering six centuries from Chaucer’s time to 1939, and
depending a great deal for its illuminating quality on an apparently inexhaustible
fund of quotations covering the period involved.
A
book on Lewis, on similar lines, could be produced in much shorter compass than
Trevelyan’s “Social History.” And if it
were as readable it would be as much sought after as was “Clarsach an Doire” [“The harp of the Grove” – Title of a book of Gaelic
poetry] at the
beginning of this century when an almost inconceivable number of people in
Lewis knew huge tracts of it from memory, and even the illiterate could “read”
poems and stories from it while holding the book upside down!
19 & 22/06/1956
[Dr Macdonald, Gisla, known
locally as ‘Dolly Doctor’, also wrote letters to the Gazette on historical subjects; a collection of photographs from
his collection has recently been published.]
Reaction: A
letter appeared from "MacThomais", Stornoway,
on 10th and 13th July (p.7) endorsing and expanding on much
of the above.
[The writer, Calum Smith, who cane of a Free Church family, used to say that he stopped going to church because he couldn't heckle the minister. Perhaps MacRae was one that he had in mind.]
[The writer, Calum Smith, who cane of a Free Church family, used to say that he stopped going to church because he couldn't heckle the minister. Perhaps MacRae was one that he had in mind.]
POSTSCRIPT on Opposition to the NATO base:"I recall asking the late Rev.Kenneth MacRae, when he told me he wanted a chairman for his protest meeting against the NATO base in Stornoway who must be 'generally respected and acceptable to all', where he could hope to find such a figure. He smiled and answered simply 'John Smith.' And who in our community would have disputed his choice and judgment?"
- 'A Memory enshrined in the Heart' by M. K. M. [Malcolm K Macmillan, Labour MP for the Western Isles from 1935 to 1970] in a Stornoway Gazette obituary for John, elder brother of Calum Smith. (1970)
