An obscure centenary (continued)

A little more about
Margaret Isobel Smith/ Peggy Flett 19-12-1918 - 7-7-2015
as promised, although more briefly than planned.

Slightly rose-tinted

From the heyday of the fishing industry, as she described it, to the strategic importance of Lewis in the Second World War, Peggy's early life can be seen as reflecting in several ways the changing fortunes of the town of Stornoway more generally.
"In those days Stornoway in the summer months was a busy bustling town.  The harbour was crammed with herring drifters, the sea front lined with curers’ yards, and the smoke from the kippering sheds sending its aromatic presence far out to sea.  The population must have increased four fold at least with the influx of curers, coopers and fishworkers."

For a time her upbringing and that of her older sister and younger brother was, by her account:
'somewhat Edwardian with a nursemaid in attendance and a constant insistence on “manners” and decorum.  We wore “best clothes” for Sunday and paraded solemnly to Sunday School in flannel coats – button boots, and black velour hats in winter and patent leather shoes and Panama hats in summer – and always our “collections” tucked into our gloves.'

Featuring John Maclean, towards bottom right

This was not the 'Sabbath School'of the Free Church, and the three children, decorous or not, would have escaped the worst excesses of repressive religion, at least as far as their home environment was concerned. Their late grandfather John Maclean, a well-known local shopkeeper and self-made man in his day, is on record as subscribing to the appeal for funds to construct a spire on Martin's Memorial Church of Scotland, just down the road from the family home in Francis Street.

Stornoway from the air 1932

A few years later, after a temporary sojourn in north-east Scotland (Buckie and Findochty, the stronghold of the Fletts), the now growing family returned to Stornoway. With the depression, money was scarcer and the living less gracious. The town was still lively in its way, especially for youngsters with the freedom to roam the streets. Peggy's brother won renown as a leader of one of the street 'gangs' of boys, his exploits recalled by at least one of his henchmen 80 years later.

Although her intelligence enabled her to benefit from her education in the prestigious Nicolson Institute, schooldays were not always happy at a time when most teachers still ruled by terror. Peggy's own 80+-year-old memories included still-resented incidents of bullying, unfairness, and victimisation, not usually of herself but of more vulnerable and worse-off pupils.

There were always compensations, and she was good at making the most of them. Membership of the recently re-formed Stornoway Girl Guides meant a lot to her, providing an escape from the chores and child-minding she was expected to spend so much of her time on at home.

Stornoway Guides, 1930s.
Peggy is the middle one of the three on the extreme right.

Unlike her older sister, who left school to work in the Post Office, Peggy stayed on and completed her secondary education with some success. She did not proceed to a university; it was not felt by the family that it would be financially viable for her to do so.

Instead her first employment was with the local Labour Exchange, the Burroo (Bureau of Employment), something of a growth sector in the 1930s. The story of how she heard about the job is told by Calum Smith in 'Around the Peat-Fire'.

Late  1930s 

The story of  how that job was ended and her subsequent work obtained is told by Peggy herself in a short memoir about Stornoway aerodrome in wartime.

1943

On 19 November 1942 Peggy and Calum were married, quietly, in wartime Stornoway, after a courtship that featured many long walks in the Castle Grounds.

A path in the Castle \Grounds

Of course she continued to be very much an independent-minded individual in her own right, but their subsequent stories are intertwined.

Looking back at Stornoway from Holm, 2017

The present-day town: sites of change and continuity.

Looking Back at 1920s Stornoway from 60 years on.

In a rare return to exercising her writing talents (apart from letters to family and friends), Peggy (Flett) Smith once penned a short account of how she had perceived Stornoway as a child.

Other Times, Other Places

Recollections of Life in Stornoway iin the 1920s

A view of old Stornoway

   My earliest memories of Stornoway are seen, not through a glass darkly, but through rose-tinted spectacles.The herring fleet had not yet declined, the summers were always sunny, and for the duration of the Minch fishing which was primarily the months of June July and August the town was a lively bustling place to live. Far out to sea the smell of kippering was borne on the winds - a sure sign to the exiles returning home from the city tenements for their annual holiday that they were nearing their longed-for ancestral homes.


   The town was quiet at night through the week when the boats were at sea but morning brought their return, success or failure indicated by the number of screeching herring gulls in attendance and then the scene rapidly changed. Sample baskets of fish were swung ashore and taken to the Fish Mart where the buyers with much deliberation and solemnity made their bids. Then the waiting carters came into their own, transporting each ship's catch to the curers' yards. These yards or "stations" were leased by a host of curers - Woodgers, Stephens, Fletts and McConnochies, alien names at one time but now [in the 1920s] as familiar as the local Macivers, Mackenzies and Macleods.

P.F./M.I.S.

Written probably in the mid-1980s.

The fishing industry remembered in modern Stornoway.

--------------------------------------
POSTSCRIPT
From Timeline in SY Gone By, Stornoway Historical Society Journal
Winter/Spring 2018/2019, pp.4-5

1917  75,000 barrels of cured herring lying on the piers at Stornoway with the Government refusing to issue a permit for their export. They were eventually exported to Russia but were landed at the same time as the Revolution and were never paid for.

1922  3000 barrels of cured herring exported to Hamburg, Germany.

1923  Russian agreement to buy 250,000 barrels of cured herring.

1927 Stornoway's greatest year as a herring port. Estimated 30 million herring taken from Loch Erisort alone in a 6-week period.

------------------------

"By 1876, the demand for fishing stations in Stornoway harbour was so great that they were let out to the highest bidders... Before long, the town was recognised as the major herring port of Britain – if not of Europe."
 - http://stornowayhistoricalsociety.org.uk/herringindustry/

A Stornoway Girl from Away

In her centenary year, it is intended that this blog will look at the earlier part of the 'ordinary' life of Margaret Isobel (Peggy) Flett, married surname Smith, 19th December 1918 to 7th July 2015, in the context of her time, with particular attention to interactions with the town of Stornoway on  the Isle of Lewis.

By way of Introduction and taster, here are some links to previous posts:-

Family background

Two great-grandmothers
https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2017/07/lewis-connections-and-coincidences.html
In December 1913 a grandson of Catherine (via her second son, Alexander), married a grand-daughter of Janet via Jessie. In due course there were therefore joint great-grandchildren of Janet and Catherine, and so on unto the third and fourth (so far) generations.

Ancestry. Mostly Paternal (Flett) side
https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2018/06/examples-of-family-reading-in-scotland.html
Among the many Flett families of Findochty this one had achieved comparative prosperity by the 1890s, owning fishyards as far away as Stornoway. It was mainly Alexander's father James who built up the family fortunes, establishing himself as a well-known figure in the fishing community of the north east, nicknamed 'the Auld Cooper.' This group of siblings were probably the first generation of the family to have the resources and motivation to acquire books - apart from those required for religious observance - in any numbers.

https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2016/05/a-findochty-flett-in-canada.html
Joseph Flett was aged 27 when he sailed to North America in August 1915, 28 when his young wife and baby daughter joined him in May 1916. While he may at that time have intended to make a permanent home in Canada, circumstances decreed otherwise and he had returned to Scotland 13 years before his novel Bid for Fortune was published in 1934. 

https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2014/05/diamonds-among-silver-darlings.html
This summer sees the 80^th anniversary of the publication of an unusual novel, “Bid for Fortune” by “J.S.” (real name Joseph, no middle name) Flett - not a famous one by any means but worthy of some consideration from several points of view, not least in its historical context…  

(And other posts about Joe Flett and his novel.)

Mostly Maternal (Maclean) side
https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2018/03/a-trip-to-mainland-from-stornoway-1952.html
An aunt's letter
Dear Peggy,

https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2016/04/a-stornoway-girl-in-new-york-100-years.html
A letter from mother to grandmother
The writer of the letter transcribed below, aged 22 at the time of writing, was the daughter of a Stornoway shopkeeper. After some time as a student at the prestigious Atholl Crescent College of Domestic Science in Edinburgh, in 1913 she married Joe Flett from Findochty, whose family's fish-curing business took him to Canada in August 1915. 

Siblings
https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2017/09/so-proud-he-registered-her-twice.html
Older sister
It was as 'Marjory Joan Flett' that the baby's birth on 5th February 1915 was registered - twice.

The three children of Joe and Lizzie, in Canada

Later, in Scotland. - Not a very happy time

 

All nevertheless survived and flourished

A rare picture of Peggy (front row, left) with her father and all her siblings
(and several of their partners).
The occasion was a sad one, the funeral of her stepmother, Joe's second wife.

Schooldays
https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2017/03/stornoway-schooldays-more-on-nicolson.html
"The old Nicolson Institute school provided education which was second to none in all of Scotland."

Margaret I. Flett completed her Junior Secondary education in 1934

Work
https://smothpubs.blogspot.com/2017/02/history-of-stornoway-airport-fragment.html
"During part of the war I worked as a clerk at the Stornoway aerodrome, which was expanded to meet the military needs of the time. "

There are also, as regular readers will know, numerous posts about Calum Smith, whom Peggy married in 1942.

Ealing COs: More brothers in refusal of the First World War

There are numerous examples among first World War Conscientious Objectors of brothers who shared similar views, took the same stand, and suffered accordingly, including a pair from Hanwell (previously considered here). The Household brothers from West Ealing were two more, who incidentally had a Hanwell address in 1911:

Census return for 56 Elthorne Avenue Hanwell

        [with] Relationship     Marital status   Sex         Age        Birth year            Occupation        Birth place  

William Scott      Household          Head     Married                Male      51           1860       Pianoforte Fitter              Camden Town N W

Frances Clara     Household          Wife      Married                Female 52           1859       -              Bermondsey S E

Mapel Emily       Household          Daughter             Single    Female 25           1886       Clerk Motor Works          Acton Middx

James Howard  Household          Son        Single    Male      23           1888       Clerk Photographers      Hanwell Middx

William Scott      Household          Son        Single    Male      21           1890       Clerk Motor Works          Hampstead N W

Francis Scott       Household          Son        Single    Male      18           1893       Solicitors Clerk   Hampstead N W

Elizabeth              Household          Daughter             Single    Female 16           1895       -              Hanwell Middx  . 

West Ealing address of the Household brothers in 1916

From the Pearce Register (online database):-

James Howard Household

Marital status    Single

Occupation         Works manager

Age        28

Birth year            1888

Year       1916

Soldier Number                -

Address               80, Leighton Road

Address 2            West Ealing

Local authority  Ealing MB

County Middlesex

Country                England

Latitude               51.5

Longitude            -0.32

Ordnance Survey reference        TQ160800

Motivation          -

Military Service Tribunal                MST (Military Service Tribunal) Ealing 8.3.16 appeal on hardship (D) and as a CO (F) - exempt to 8.7.16, 17.7.16 further exemption to 20.1.17 ; Middlesex County Appeal 12.4.17 Military Rep.'s appeal dismissed                            

War Service        WNI (Work of National Importance) As manager of a works employing more than 60 people he was exempt for much of the war in a series of temporary exemptions based on the hardship his joining the army would cause. After the initial Tribunal his CO appears not to have been an issue.

WO363 false

Notes    'F' James Howard and William Scott Household, brothers

Other Conscientious Objectors in family                Yes

Sources                NA/MH47/35/77 - on line;

Record set          Conscientious Objectors' Register 1914-1918 

James's case came up before the County Appeals Tribunal, not at his own instigation but, as occasionally happened, at that of the Military Representative (MR) on the Local Tribunal (LT) who chafed at his continuing temporary exemption, arguing: "That in view of the fact that this man is 29 years old, single, and classed C.1. he should not be allowed to remain in Civil employ". The Appeal was, however, "dismissed (by request of MR in order that it may come before the Local Tribunal with other employees)" - 12 April 1917, p.3 in file. 

Middlesex Appeals Tribunal Ref. MH 47/35/77   
Description:        Case Number: M3447.

James Howard Household of 80 Leighton Road, West Ealing.
Occupation: Works Manager.
Grounds of Appeal:
D: On the ground that serious hardship would ensue if the man were called up for Army service, owing to his exceptional financial or business obligations or domestic position.
F: On the ground of a conscientious objection to the undertaking of combatant service

The above description is misleading insofar as it cites the grounds of the original claim for exemption rather than those of the Appeal as above. As noted by Pearce," After the initial Tribunal his [conscientious objection] appears not to have been an issue", although it may possibly have stung the MR into lodging the Appeal. His unconsidered claim for absolute exemption was founded on "moral motivation that human life is sacred, and I cannot therefore take life, neither can I undertake non-combatant service, as this would be the means of releasing someone else to do the killing which I object, on conscientious grounds, to do[ing] myself." - 25-2-16

Meanwhile, James's younger brother William was not faring so well.

William Scott Household

Marital status Single

Occupation General commercial clerk

Age 26

Birth year 1890

Year 1916

Soldier Number –

Address 80, Leighton Road

Address 2 West Ealing

Local authority Ealing MB

County Middlesex

Country England

Motivation Former Baptist who became a Quaker (Ealing PM) in 1915

Military Service Tribunal

MST (Military Service Tribunal) Ealing 8.3.16 appeal as a CO (F) - ECS (Exemption from Combatant Service) only, NCC (Non-Combatant Corps) but accepted that this would not be acceptable to him; Middlesex County Appeal 21.3.16 - dismissed, confirmed local MST (Military Service Tribunal) decision

War Service: 3 Depot Middlesex Balmer Farm Camp, Falmer, Nr.Brighton, CM (Court Martial) June 1916 - 28 days HL (With hard labour), Lewes MP (Military Prison); CM (Court Martial) (2) 31.7.16 Shoreham - 112 days HL 

War Service comments: Refused to Attest and sacked by his employers Jan.1916

Magistrates Court Arrested 27.5.16 tried at Brentford fined 40/- and handed over, to Hounslow barracks

Magistrates Court comments: Absentee

Prison: Lewes MP (Military Prison) 16.6.16; Crawley Aug.1916; 1.9.16, 8.9.16 Lewes CP (Civil Prison)

Work Centre      HOS (The Home Office Scheme, administered by the Brace Committee) 22.9.16 to 18.5.17 Road Board Camp, Denton, Newhaven; 1.6.17, 3.8.17, 26.10.17,25.1.18, 26.4.18, 26.7.18 Chelsea (Health Insurance) Work Centre

WO363 false

Notes 'F' James Howard and William Scott Household, brothers. *Letter in D/Mar/4/13 complains of the "lack of unity and Fellowship" among CO's at Newhaven.*Sacked by his employers, Michelin Tyres, because he refused to Attest - see Harvey letters. *Address in NA/MH47 also 61, Linden Road, Bournville, Birmingham

Other Conscientious Objectors in family Yes

Sources                Tribunal 15.6.16; 10.8.16; Cumbria RO(Carlisle)D/Mar/4/13, 97; FH/FSC(1916/20)/SER 31 Case file; The Friend 1.9.16, 8.9.16, 22.9.16, 3.11.16, 1.12.16, 5.1.17, 2.2.17,16.3.17, 18.5.17, 1.6.17, 3.8.17, 26.10.17, 25.1.18, 26.4.18, 26.7.18; NA/WO86/71/105; Letters 10.4.16 to 5.6.16 - including a letter from him while in military custody, in T.E.Harvey MP ([Military Prison]**) Correspondence FH/Temp.Mss.835 Box.3; FH/SER/VOPC/Cases/4(624); NA/MH47/8/31 - on line.

Record set          Conscientious Objectors' Register 1914-1918

**Because of the somewhat rough-and-ready data transfer of these admittedly complicated records to the IWM's 'Lives of the First World War', the abbreviation MP in 'Sources' is followed by '(Military Prison)', however obviously incorrectly, as for Member of Parliament here.

William's appeal to the Middlesex Tribunal asserted "Conscientious objection to war service in any form whatever", based on "a deep conviction that war is in direct opposition to the teaching and life of Christ..." and that he "should be disobeying the will of God by enlisting or helping in it, " being "fully prepared to undergo any penalty rather than violate my conscience". He had no claim in gorunds of occupation, having been sacked for refusing to "attest" (i.e. to testify to his willingness to join the forces if called up), "the firm refusing to consider conscientious reasons".

In spite of this, the LT was not prepared to allow that his objection was genuine, citing a history of attendance at different local churches and William's not being a member or communicant of any denomination, choosing to allege that such an independent position must be suspect: "As it appeared to the Tribunal that Appellant's position was as consistent with a growing desire not to fight as with the development of a conscientious objection, his application was rejected." The Appeal was likewise curtly dismissed (21-3-16), and William's letter requesting leave to take his case to the Central Tribunal was marked "too late"; such requests were almost invariably refused anyway.

William was now in Bournville, Birmingham, where he found support and a temporary refuge.

The letters referred to below are included in the extensive correspondence of T.E.Harvey MP (Friends' House Library reference Temporary MSS 835 Box 3). Notes and extracts:-

Letter from Edwin Gilbert, National Council of Adult School Unions, Bournville.
WSH left Ealing Baptist Church on account of the military atmosphere, and was recommended to the Ealing [Freinds', Quakers'] Prayer Meeting. He is a strong committed pacifist, and would not fight under any circumstances. He will however do civil work such as agriculture.

W S Houshold Letter 10-4-16 from Bournville.
Dismissed by Michelin Tyre Co. SW London for refusing to attest - after 9 years.
Returning to W13 address on 19-4.

From Richard H. Smith, Friends' Foreign Mission Association.12-4-16
Note re. Parliamentary Recruiting Committee 14-4-16, possibly by T E Harvey: "Nothing can be done." Several people have written [about this case].

From William's Fiancée Marian Pole, 63 Overstone Rd. Hammersmith 29-5-16
WSH arrested 27-5. Now in Hounslow Barracks Guard Room as far as is known.
Asking help not just for him but for all COs suffering for their beliefs.
Not a coward as he has been called; believes human life sacred.
Sending copy of unfinished letter from William:

31-5-16 WSH. Guard Room, Balmer Farm Camp, Falmer.
Have just been sentenced to 28 days in Lewes Military Prison with hard labour. Inform Mr. Smith to ask for transfer to civil prison. Medical examination - by force - for "labour at home" only.
Corporal has just been in to bully me. They are trying to get me to work today "in civilians" - others in uniform. Have not taken money or carried out any military order nor signed any army paper. Alone since five friends, COs, have gone on. Being bullied, threatened, called everything; language and what they say they want to do with me awful.
Still determined to hold out. Other COs are in khaki. Not yet been struck or damaged.

"abruptly ends".- Marian's note 

She wrote to Harvey again on 5-6-16 about getting William transferred from military prison.

The couple married that year, in Lewes - in fact it must have been shortly afterwards, since the record belongs to the second quarter of the year, perhaps while William was still in military custody. Later, as the database shows, he did get his transfer to civil prison, and eventually went on to join the Home Office Scheme for alternative employment, in the comparatively mild and appropriate form of a placement at Chelsea Work Centre dealing with Health Insurance.
Pole       Marian E H          —           —           1916       England & Wales Marriages 1837-2005    Lewes, Sussex, England
Household          William S              —           —           1916       England & Wales Marriages 1837-2005    Lewes, Sussex, England

Another CO from Bedford Park: Imprisoned in two world wars

From the Pearce Register:

William Burgess Haines

Marital status    Single

Occupation         Scientific research, Imperial College

Age        25

Birth year            1891

Year       1916

Soldier Number                -

Address               9, Addison Road

Address 2            Bedford Park

Local authority  Chiswick UD

County Middlesex

Country                England

Latitude               51.49

Longitude            -0.25

Ordnance Survey reference        TQ210790

Motivation          Religious

Military Service Tribunal                MST (Military Service Tribunal) Chiswick 25.2.16 appeal on grounds of national interest (A) and CO (F) - refused; Middlesex County Appeal 28.3.16 - dismissed

War Service        (?) [see below, W B Haines]

WO363 false

Sources                NA/MH47/9/29 - on line

Record set          Conscientious Objectors' Register 1914-1918 

W B Haines

Age        -

Birth year            -

Year       -

Soldier Number                -

Address               -

Address 2            Leytonstone (Ward)

Local authority  Leyton UD

County Essex

Country                England

Latitude               51.56

Longitude            0.0

Ordnance Survey reference        TQ309870

Motivation          -

Military Service Tribunal                MST (Military Service Tribunal) Central Tribunal 22.7.16; Central Tribunal at Wormwood S. 21.8.16 - CO class A, to Brace Committee

Central Tribunal                Central Tribunal Nos. W.559 M.213

War Service        27 (R) Middlesex CM (Court Martial) Aldershot 16.5.16 - 84 days Det., Wandsworth MP (Military Prison)

Prison   Wandsworth MP (Military Prison)

Work Centre      HOS (The Home Office Scheme, administered by the Brace Committee) 28.8.17 at Dartmoor

WO363 false

Sources                NA/WO86/70/27; Not found in NA/WO363; NA/MH47/125; NA/MH47/1 Central Tribunal Minutes; FH/SER/VOPC/Cases/4(2099)

Record set          Conscientious Objectors' Register 1914-1918

The above records appear separately on the online database of First World War Conscientious Objectors (COs) but can be taken to refer to the same person, supplementing each other's information as given in the Middlesex Appeal Tribunal file and Central Tribunal Minutes respectively. The different addresses cease to be a problem in view of the 1911 Census, which shows William Burgess Haines as an East-Ender, living with his parents, siblings and others in Leytonstone (often parental-home addresses are supplied for COs, rather than the latest residence at call-up).

     (with Relation to Head of Household      Age         Occupation      Birthplace)

Henry James   Haines  Head     Married    Male       52  Marble Merchants Manager   Bethnal Green

Ellen Mary     Haines  Wife      Married   Female      49   -                          Whitechapel

Montague Bartram   Haines  Son   Single    Male      25     Bank Clerk     Stepney

Grace Redivion Haines  Daughter  Single    Female 23      Elementary School Teacher    Ratcliffe

William Burgess Haines  Son   Single    Male      20    Research Student U Col London   Ratcliffe

Ellen Muriel        Haines  Daughter             Single    Female 19           -     Essex Leytonstone

George Cecil      Haines  Son        -              Male      11    School       Essex Leytonstone

Reginald James Haines  Son        -              Male      9         -               Essex Leytonstone

John Boyd           Haines  Father   Widower             Male      84 Retired     London Spitalsfield

Cyril Edward  Millard  Boarder Single Male  21   Ironmongers Commercial Traveller    Clapton

Frieda Elsie         Millard  Visitor   -              Female 6              -              Essex Leytonstone

About some other "Bedford Park People"

W B Haines was living in Bedford Park in 1916

Appeal (Dismissed 28-3-16)
Haines lodged an appeal on 28th February 1916 against the Local Tribunal (LT) decision not to grant him exemption (Middlesex Appeal Case Number: M213. William Burgess Haines of 9 Addison Road, Bedford Park, Catalogue reference: MH 47/9/29). Abandoning the grounds of his occupation being important to the nation, he stood as a CO:
   ... on the single count of my deep conscientious conviction, entertained for years, that as a follower of the teachings of Jesus Christ I cannot take part in any military operations. This is purely an individual position, &I cannot accept the jurisdiction of the Tribunal with regard to it, - though I accept the consequences of their decision (i.e. in any punishment that might follow). This I think should be a sufficient evidence of my sincerity. In short, I ask for exemption, & quietly state that if it cannot be granted I would rather accept the alternative of punishment than service.


The LT based its decision on the unusual argument that his work had included paid research for the Admiralty which intended "to use the invention against the enemy", which would seem to be actually playing up his work's importance and using this to undermine his credibility as a CO. 

His original claim (17-2-16) was on dual grounds: "For TOTAL EXEMPTION as CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTOR DOING WORK OF NATIONAL IMPORTANCE." On the form, neatly typed, he gave his occupation as "Scientific Research (Physics) working as Beit Research Fellow  of the Imperial College of Science & Technology, Kensington." He stated " My main reason is that, as a Christian, I cannot take part in any military operations" before going on to explain the importance of his work. 

The claim was supported in a letter dated Feb. 15th by Professor R J Strutt (pp.6-7), who described Haines as being one of "that comparatively small number of persons who can plan and carry out scientific investigations, and whose services the country cannot afford to do without." 
The LT Notes on the case add little. "With regard to his conscientious objection, the only statement he could make was that he believed in the Sermon on the Mount, and as far as he understood it, he was not able to take part in the War." 

The Military Representative brought out the matter of being useful for the Admiralty, Haines acknowledging that results of the work - electrical and "nearly always theoretical" - "might have good or evil uses". This is summed up in a careless final sentence (p.9, right).

The "W B Haines" record shows some of what happened after the appeal was rejected and he was "deemed to be enlisted":

• Court Martial, Aldershot 16.5.16 sentenced to 84 days detention, Wandsworth Military Prison. (Court Martial and imprisonment were routine for COs who refused to obey an order). 
• Case considered by Central Tribunal 22.7.16; Central Tribunal at Wormwood Scrubs 21.8.16 
• Judged to be a CO class A, i.e. genuine, and referred to the Brace Committee for alternative service
• Work Centre (The Home Office Scheme, administered by the Brace Committee) 28.8.17 at Dartmoor

It is not clear how long it was before he could resume his scientific career, although it was back on track by 1921 and when he did so his claim about its importance was justified by results. When he died in 1963 he rated an obituary in the leading science journal, Nature. 

An obituary in Nature, 4th May 196.3, doesn't mention the First World War

DR. WILLIAM BURGESS HAINES, who died suddenly last March, joined the Soil Physics Department, Rothamsted Experimental Station*, as one of its earliest members, in 1921. He was the first to show, by simple, but elegant, experiments that the moisture content in porous bodies like soil displays hysteresis... #This work… led to a clear understanding of water distribution and movement in soil, as affected by weather, cultivations, and vegetation. Nature 198, 434

*Rothamsted Research, previously known as the Rothamsted Experimental Station and then the Institute of Arable Crops Research, is one of the oldest agricultural research institutions in the world, having been founded in 1843. 

#Hysteresis is the dependence of the state of a system on its history. For example, a magnet may have more than one possible magnetic moment in a given magnetic field, depending on how the field changed in the past.
Hysteresis: the phenomenon in which the value of a physical property lags behind changes in the effect causing it, as for instance when magnetic induction lags behind the magnetizing force.

The Nature obituary is reticent about Haines experiences in the Second World War - when the question of being a CO did not arise for him - as well as silent about the First. It is not perfectly accurate in stating that he was in a Japanese prisoner-of-war camp throughout the Second. He was indeed interned, but only after another ordeal, having been a passenger on the HMS Giang Bee, which was sunk by a Japanese destroyer on 13th February 1942. There were 300 or more on board, mostly refugees escaping from Singapore towards Batavia; 104 people were listed as survivors in 1943 by the Netherlands-Indies Red Cross from information supplied by witnesses at Palembang internment camp. Almost all survivors had ended up in this "migratory" camp. Haines was among the minority who survived once again; the camp had a death rate of 55% for men.

Addison Road, just north of Bath Road (where fellow-CO Howard Travers lived),
is shown on a 1938 map at Turnham Green. It is now called Addison Grove.

First World War COs: Another from Chiswick

COs who appealed on explicitly non-religious grounds against conscription are comparatively rare, especially when they do not make reference to another, political ideology. The case of one such from Ealing has already been considered here, and James Churchman may be counted too; the list of 29 "Chiswick" records from the Pearce Register supplies another.

Howard Martin Otho Travers

Marital status    Single

Occupation         Architect, designer, craftsman - stained glass and illustrations

Age        30

Birth year            1886

Year       1916

Death year          1948

Soldier Number                -

Address                 1, Bath Road

Address 2            Bedford Park

Local authority  Chiswick UD

County Middlesex

Country                England

Latitude               51.49

Longitude            -0.25

Ordnance Survey reference        TQ210790

Motivation          Moral objections NOT religious

Military Service Tribunal                MST (Military Service Tribunal) Chiswick 2.3.16 appeal as a CO (F) - ECS (Exemption from Combatant Service) only; Middlesex County Appeal 10.4.16 - dismissed

War Service        FAU (Friends' Ambulance Unit) May 1916 to Jan.1919. Jordans. King George Hospital; London Office; Uffculme Hospital, Birmingham. Demob. 4.1.19

WO363 false

Sources                List of Members of the Friends Ambulance Unit 1914-1919 (London, 1919); Letter 13.4.16 in T.E.Harvey MP ([Military Prison]) Correspondence Friends House Temp.Mss.835 Box.6; NA/MH47/10/67 - on line; FH/FAU (Friends' Ambulance Unit) 1914-1919 Personnel Record Cards Series 1 and 2.

Record set          Conscientious Objectors' Register 1914-1918

Howard Travers, like his fellow citizen James Churchman, appealed at County level against the decision of the Local Chiswick Tribunal, so that some of his own words are available on file:

MH 47/10/67 (Reference)
Description:	Case Number: M446. Howard Martin Otho Travers of 1 Bath Road, Bedford Park. Occupation: Architect, Designer and Craftsman. Grounds of Appeal: F: On the ground of a conscientious objection to the undertaking of combatant service.

He made his appeal for total exemption, against the Chiswick Tribunal decision, on 4th March 1916 (p.6 in the file), stating:

"I believe warfare between nations to be a barbarous & discredited method of setteling [sic] international differences, and I look to the future common unity of the peoples of all nations. In my firm opinion war will not be ended by the use of armed force, which inevitably fosters and encourages a spirit of hatred and revenge, - but by an increasing number of citizens remaining true to their convictions & therefore refusing to take part in war, whatever the pretext for which it is waged." He had used the same form of words on his original application, dated 25-2-1916 (p.9).

The Local Tribunal (LT) justified its decision to grant exemption from combatant service only (ECS) by arguing that he had not shown sufficient reason for total exemption:
"Applicant objected to the military oath but was otherwise prepared to help wounded persons whether or not they were soldiers.
"Applicant was not of any particular religious body - his religion was his own ideal and there was no sanctionary ratification thereof except his self respect or his mind..."

Notes on his case indicate how far he and the LT Chairman were from a meeting of minds, the latter being fixated on the idea of "sanction" and denying any validity to the concept of an autonomous individual conscience uncoerced by an external "Power" and  unconstrained by fear of "peril" (hell-fire). The Military Representative and a Mr. Ward chipped in too, the former asserting: “If I had a conscience like yours, I should refuse to pay taxes” (thus implying that the CO was genuine). Travers defended himself articulately, making some telling points and exposing the prejudices and woolly thinking of his inquisitors, but his arguments were predictably unsuccessful.

Howard Travers did not take the Middlesex Appeal Tribunal decision as final, and made a further application, for leave to appeal to the Central Tribunal. The Appeal Tribunal refused to grant this, as usual in their dealings with COs who rejected ECS.

The file contains a handwritten page about his work, in which he argues that it is "useful in an economic and commercial sense" and refers to some of it being exhibited, at the invitation of the Board of Trade, at the Ghent and Paris Exhibitions. He also claims to have made a special study of modern German work, and asserts his knowledge is of practical use. A typed letter from the Director of Art at the Board of Trade (Exhibition Branch) dated 4th April 1916 reports what has been heard from the Musée des Arts Décoratifs regarding the safety of the (unspecified) exhibits, which he is assured are in safe keeping, not in any danger, until the situation permits their transport. The Government, however, "in accordance with their usual practice will not insure themselves against their liability in case of loss."

On 13th April Travers wrote to Quaker MP and CO supporter T E Harvey, frankly emphasising his appeal had been on "moral - not religious grounds" and saying he had called at the office of the Friends Ambulance Unit  (FAU, Quaker) and found that their work was such that he felt he could very gladly contribute. The Secretary indicated willingness to accept his services, subject to the Authorities' agreement. This had apparently been withheld, and he asked for advice as to whether the decision could be reconsidered. That he was successful is confirmed by his record as above,  "FAU (Friends' Ambulance Unit) May 1916 to Jan.1919... Demob. 4.1.19." (Sources in Friends House Library, Euston).

1 Bath Road, Bedford Park: Travers' address in 1916

"That enchanted suburb" pre-1914
was the setting for a 2013 novel...

... featuring some of its more notable residents.
As an artist, Travers would have fitted in well.